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| Ңҡѧŷҡ١Դѡͧѡ. |
| й | ѧ¢ͧѡŸ | ʧ | Թ | 觻дɰ |
| ҺŹ | Medo-Persia | ի | ѡþô | кͺûͧѹлһ |
| ͧ٫ | Maccabes | ŧͧ | ѡô͵ѹ | |
| ûѵԽ | ջû | ЪҤû | ͧѹջû | Ѱԡ |
| ѵʵʶ | ʹǹʵ | Ἱ | §Ѩغѹ |
| ÷ӹ | ˵ءóм餹 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 606ʵѡҪ | 27 | ҺŹ | Ҫ: Nebuchadnezzar Beltshazzar |
| 539ʵѡҪ | 27 | Medo-Persia | Ҫ: Cyrus |
| 457ʵѡҪ | 9 | ҧ٫ | ѹ3ҧ٫ |
| 331ʵѡҪ | 27 | ի | Ҫ: 硫ҹ˭ Ἱ: Seleucius Cassander Lysimachus |
| 168ʵѡҪ | 2711 | Roman empire begins | |
| 63ʵѡҪ | 2711 | Pompeyءҹͺdzҧͧ䵹ҳ | |
| 31ʵѡҪ | 11 | úͧActium | ʫիⷹդ;ѵ ú;ѵҢͧActium |
| 31ʵѡҪ | 11 | ͡ʵ | ͡ʵʷիի |
| 14ʵѡҪ | 11 | Tiberius | իTiberius |
| 27-..34N..34N | 9 | ӾԸҧһЦҤʵʹ | |
| 70ʵѡҪ | 11 | ٫ | ¢ͧѴ觷2 |
| 313ʵѡҪ | ûѵ | ûѵص(ӻСȢͧҹ) | |
| 312ʵѡҪ | ᵹԹ | ᵹԹѧ蹪ʵʹ | |
| A.D | 11 | ᵹ | ᵹšͧǧͧѡô |
| 476-..538N..538N | 27 | 3 @ҵ | 3 @ҵ(Heruli⡷ѹ͡ҹ) |
| 496ʵѡҪ | ҢͧClovisҧѧкͺûͧѹлһ | ||
| 1095-..1834N..1834N | 27 | ûѵ | ͡ûٻWaldenses Heugenot Albigensesǹ |
| 1517ʵѡҪ | 27 | ԹѴԹâ¢ͧҹʹá. áҧ | |
| 1789ʵѡҪ | Դ⻧11 | ûѵԽ | ûѵԽʪǧûͧͧҴ |
| 1798ʵѡҪ | 11 | ˹ѹлһ | ҢͧBerthierѡѧѹллPius VI |
| 1500- | Դ⻧12 | Ѱԡ | Ѱԡһͧѹ餹ѧ˹աûѵ |
| 1800's- | 12 | ҧԷʵ͡ | |
| 1840 | 12 | êغԵ | ҧʹ. êغԵǡѺ÷ӹ |
| 538-ͧѭ | 2 | ͧѹջû | ҡ觧ҹҭ¹ԵЪҤû |
| 1918 | 27 | ѹʧš | ʹѭҢͧѧMonarchsѹԺҵҵԻҡ͡ |
| 1929 | Դ⻧13 | ӹѡҵԡѹ | ʹѭҪʶSTDJOHNLATERANͧاMussilini鹤ѧҵԡѹ |
| 1992 | Դ⻧13 | Ѱԡ | ѰԡʶҹҾӹҨ§˹ |
|
·ȹ604-..553N..553N |
|
| ҪҷҺ | ҪҪ | ˵ءó | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 626-..605N..605N | Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar | Jehoiakimѹ4 | èӨͧҺá |
| 604ʵѡҪ | Nebuchadnezzar | Jehoiakimѹ4 | Ҫ |
| 597ʵѡҪ | Nebuchadnezzar | Jehoiachin | èӨͧҺѹ2 |
| 586ʵѡҪ | Nebuchadnezzar | Zedekiah | èӨͧҺѹ3 |
| 562-..560N..560N | Amel-Marduk(Merodach) | ִҪҳҨѡҷҪҷͺ¡١Ԩó | |
| 560-..556N..556N | Nergal-shar-ushur | ||
| 556ʵѡҪ | Labashi-Marduk | ||
| 556-..539N..539N | Nabonidus | ١coregents | |
| 553-..539N..539N | Beltshazzar(coregent) | ||
| 539ʵѡҪ | Mede | ͧҺŹͧҡҪǡѺCyrus | |
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ѧ鹪еҡͧҺŹ͡ѺҼѵ(¡ѵйͧ).
ĴǧͧҺŹǷǷȵ.
|
÷ӹ¢ͧԫ١¹ҳ100 ҺŹѹ繻ӹҨ.
ԫ13:
61719-20
-
- .
D
D ѹͧ촤͵仹 at-hand; ѹҨҡAlmighty㹰ҹФ
D
D
D ѧࡵ.ѹСѺǡҤ3Medes
D
D
D 觡ҹ鹺ҺŹèͧҪҳҨѡäͧChaldeans'ѡդФҷҷ⫴.
ѹ㹨
D
D
ҧеҧẺ¤èСѹ˹DСѹ˹ҧ§зӾǡШѺ٧ŧç.
ҧáѵйͧͧŷç.
100ѧ÷ӹ¢ͧԫ¹ҧҧҷҺŹѧ٫.
ѧࡵ.ѹСѺҺŹ٧¡ͧջҡӨѴ躹
D
D
D ҺŹǡѺŧҧзѹѹж١ӨѴ
D
D
D (ҺŹ)ȡѺҪҢͧMedes
D
D
D ҺŹ繡ͧ(ҡѡѡѧ)عѢѹᨤšõ֧з§Ȩҡ
D
D
D ᾧҧͧҺŹФ͵ж١леǷ٧ͧͨж١
D
D
D O thou hastѺʶҹѹ١ٴ͵Ѵѹͧ㹹鹼ѵѹ·ʹ駶֧ѴѺ
D
D
D
駷ʶҹͧͧҳͧҺŹ(196ҧ)ѧѺ.
鹴Թԭѹҹimpregnation.
ͧҳͧҺŹ㹫ҡѡѡѧȵѹժԵйͧж١ѺҵѧӤӤǤ֡ա§.
餧¹ʧѹѺ訹з觡âش鹷ҧҳҳȵɷ19辺ͧ.
ŧ鹶١֡ǧ¾ѧ¢ͧçҧ鹰ҹ. ҺŹ觾кͧФͧҧҤѹ§ͧżҹáѡٿʡêŻзҹѺѺ.
ǹѧ·ժ§鹾觾кѺ. ҧá㹡..140N..140NкêŻзҹҧҪЪǻ¹.
ŷthe Theԡҹҹء
ԹThe繷ǴͷǡѺмšͧҧҡ͡Ңҧ鹼ҧɵimpossible.
ҤʵѡҪͧȵɷ3ѧ200պҺŹѧäͧջЪҡҡѡѵʵ١Dio Cassius仺ҺŹ㹰ҹСþ
...nothing͡ҡԹԹСԹЫҡѡѡѧ. (LXVIII 30).
餹ժԵʹ㹷ѹա㹰ҹǹ˹觢ͧѤѹ.
Ѵ
Ѵ繫Ѵç÷˭пҧҺŹҳªͧ͢ҷ١ͧᾧ鹡˹.
ἹͧʶҹʹöҷԹСǢͧʧѡ1990.
ҵѴԹҼԴҴҧ¹ԵЪҭõ͵ҹ÷ӹ¢ͧҹҪҳҨѡ÷觷ѺʴӨѴ.
Ἱ ͧҺŹ.
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ȷ٧آͧ㹵ժԵʹ㹰ҹҹ.
觷ҧ٫
٫ҷ͡ҡҺŹѹ3ѹͧ١ҧ㹷ش.
2á觷شʹҹäѧҧ.
ѹ1
觡..536N..536N ١͡Cyrusж١ѹ֡红Ezra 1:
1-7
ѹ2
觡..518N..518N ١͡ж١ѹ֡红Ezra 6: 1-12
ѹ3
觡..457N..457N ١͡Artaxerxesж١ѹ֡红Ezra 7:
12-26
Ҫǧͧ÷Ѵ١¡Achaemenidsǡ:
ͧѾӹǹҡش -ǡաҪ´ʷСͺIIIͧѾӹǹҡش¶١ҧ(1000000ҡҨҡȵҧѹ40ѹ )֧Ѵͧش˹Ңͧǡա. ҡѧѧ١硫ҹ㹡úͧArbelaԹм35000§(͡ҡѧ١ѡ㹰ҹСúͧGaugamela). 硫ҹ§25. Ѱի͡Ҫʧ繾ѹԵ͵ѺҾͧǡ.
¨觷訹з觡èͧ.
ҧáѹ¹ҨѺèʹյ. 㹵Ѻ㹰ҹҹ.
Ἱ
硫ҹҪ356-..323N..323N١þաѧشʹӡ÷÷.
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ҵ´ѧ1ؤ33.
٭ҳͧǷ§thatҷ硫ҹҪЌRͧҪТͧҤ˹Һ٫ǡҶ١᷹ͧ٧ط١дѺ٧شShimon Ha TzaddikӾ(١ͧ). ҷ硫ҹShimonҶʹͺҺʨ. ·š㨷ͧ硫ҹԺҾԨóҡúҹҨ·ȹ㹡ôͧдѺ٧شѧӡСիª. 㹡âͺسй͡þ֡仡ѧͧǷҧҹԵ硫ҹ÷Ѵ㨴. ¡ԡժҧѹȹзѵ١طѺѴ. ҧ㨻ѵʵҨо٨ʹͧ硫ҹǡѺҴ㨴աըԵ㨷բͧ.
ѧªԵͧҷ..323N..323Nѡô١觷Ңͧ ҷDiadochi(Ѻǧ)駾͵çPerdiccas Eumenes Craterus AntigonusSeleucusLysimachus.
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Ѻǧҹѡô쨹з觡úͧIpsus㹡..301N..301NAntigonus١ѹԺҵͧ4. ѹԵáѺҢѺШѡôիʹյ١觷ǡ306 AntigonusСȵͧͧҪҢͧѡôի:
㹷شѧ20Lysimachus١Seleucus㹡úofCorupedion(..281N..281N)ǹӹǹҡش㹨ѡôǡѺ㹷ҧ˹еѹ͡١ǹ. ѧҪҳҨѡö١2㹷ش:
ҾǡҶ١觨ѡôիʹյͧ餹ҡ¶١ҡի¸իѹ.
ҪҳҨѡ÷çشԻ㹷ҧ˹ͷѹNicator١Seleucusͧѹ١ջͧSoterЫ.
316 SeleucusNicatorѹ١AntigonusѺҡҺ.
ҧͧͧҧ繼Ӣͧҹд¡ѹǡҷ㹡..312N..312N(١¢ͧAntigonus)
ѡôSeleucidѲҡҪԻ˭ç.
280ѹ·Թ¨ҡի.
Laodice: ˭ԧ١ٶ١
ٶ١35ѧªԵͧSeleucusѹԡĵԡóԭ. ͷѹҾҧҪҳҨѡ2ѹҹAntiochus II Theos(261-..246N..246N)ͧSeleucusѹ觧ҹѺ١BereniceͧII Philadelphus.
һŴ͡ҡ˹ʹյͧ(觡ҹ鹾ͧ˭ԧ)Laodiceҷѧͧ͡õͧ.
Laodiceáз
áзAntiochus IIҧзѹѹ.
ҾLaodice. ͦҡBerenice١¢ͧAntiochus.
ӹǹҡͧҾʵբͧBereniceä¹͡ҡ.
ҹSeleucus II Callinicus(246-..226N..226N)١¢ͧAntiochus IILaodiceҪ.
Ի: 鹢ͧͧ
鹻III Euergetesͧͧ͢㹡..246N..246N١¢ͧIIоͧ¢ͧBerenice
ءҹ͡æҵͧͧ˭ԧ.
ҡѧѺSeleucus II victorious.
Ҷ֧ҳࢵǹ˭ͧѤ㹻ѨغѹعҧѲҳкҧBactria.
Ҵ֧ѺҾѡѡԷ١Persians͡ԻоǡҶ١觤ѴԻ.
Ҥ·˭ҡ.
Ҩ·л䵹.
ѧIIIѺԻSeleucus繻Իѡͤ鹤¢ͧЪ§ͧҡѺ·١ҧҶ١觴㹡..240N..240N
ҷҴ
բͧSeleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III˭١ê§͡(219)óç͡ä䵹Ы·ҡIV Philopator١2(222-..204N..204N).
IVAntiochus III䵹ЪᴹԻ.
㹡úͧRaphia(..217N..217N) Antiochus١. ѧ¹ѧ㹡ǢͧҡԴ´Թᴹѹ͡Թ.
ҷ駷2
շ16(217-..201N..201N)Antiochusŧջʺ稡Ҥ駷2㹷.
ͧ١ͧҫЫմŧ㹡..201N..201N
͵ŧѺ
㹡..161N..161NӢ͵ŧѺͷ¡äǺͧѡôի.
Antiochus IV Epiphenes
-һͧҡ175-..164N..164N ҷԡĵԡóҧ㹹º¢ͧҷ¹繡աǡҺѧѺ¡ԡʹҢͧǡѲҡիѲʹҾǡ.
Ѵ٫١طZeus. ͧҢͧդҡ鹷١ش١Ѻ٫١觪ԧҡʶҹ¨ӹǹҡ㹰ҹз.
Ƕ١ѧѺûСͺ蹺٪ҵҧʹҡʹշ蹺٪ءСҷءͧФŢͧǡҷ١.
Antiochusʹշ蹺٪ѴЪǷ١ѡҹء.
شMacabbeansʺТѺ͡ҡͺdzҧͧ䵹ҳСѺʹҢͧǡ.
ǡҷӾѹԵáѺѹ㹡..161N..161NҾʹءѧз觡..63Nѹִ.
Maccabean
ǡա(ҪǧSeleucid)ͧͨѴѲիʹҷҡźȷ١Ҫ.
㹷١駪SF Matthias١¢ͧҷʺ¡Ѻáࡳ١ѧѺͧǡաʹҷǁDСá繡ѧ١ѡ㹰ҹ maccabeans Ը Ҫ(ٴEleazer⨹Ҹҹ)..167N..167Nͺҷǧ1.
ǡMaccabeansҧҪǧHasmoneanСҪкҷǧդԧҾǡҡѧͧ鹷ͨѺӹѡҹҹ.
㹰ҹмŢͧʺ稢ͧ駹ö١ִͧ¢ͧǡ㹰ҹС觢ͧǡ.
褧訹з觤..66N..66Nѹءҹ䵹ТѺǨҡdz.
ǹ㹡 ԫ ѧ.
ҷǧMatthiasҹ·âͧҪǷйջйҡ¡ͧ1ͧSeleucidsͷҧѴ蹺٪.
ҺԹԹҷѧ⡹'ءѧzealousСõ͵ҹѹµѧ͵ŧ!'.
(ѹMaccabees2ԡ27ҷ).
ǡ÷ͧ١ǨЦҷ㹡ѡзԴ駹.
ªԵͧҷ..166N..166N١¢ͧٴҹӾѧ÷.
һŴ͡٫㹷ش..165Nѹ25ѹҤ
ٴҵ㹡..160N..160NѧǼ֡ҡաͧêͨѡô Seleucid.
ǡҡѹԴ͡իͧǡСԨѵúǷѷҡ.
իѺҨ訹з觡èͧѹҨФͨѡôӤѭա.
Ἱ ͧѡôի.
Ἱ ͧἹ4ѹͧիѧªԵͧ硫ҹ
ѧsaith: èͧ40թѹǺԻҡtheҧҳࢵwhitherǡҷШѴШ
D
D
DШзǡҡѺȢͧPathrosԻǹ觷áͧѧԻȢͧԴͧǡ;
觡ҹ鹾ǡҤçҪҳҨѡþ鹰ҹ(RSVҪҳҨѡ÷).
ѹ鹵ӷشҪҳҨѡ; ѹСѹ˹ѧ٧ͧҧ鹻:
觡ҹ鹩ѹзŴŧǡоǡҨǺա
D
D
D ѧsaith: ѹоѧҾѡШзҾش͡Noph(ͧ);
觡ҹ鹨ФҪ¢ͧȢͧԻա
Ezekiel:13-15(; 30:13).
Ի㹰ҹҪҳҨѡж١ѧ.
ѹ繵ͧժԵʹѧ١ŧҧҡ
ѧ'ҪҳҨѡ÷'·ҧǡѧáԴšѧҧ鹻.
ѹҨشջȷ軡ͧẺҪҸԻ.
ҧն١ҷԻ١͡ѧж١ǡա᷹Ҫǧ Ptolemic.
ҪǧͧǡҹҨеŧ㹡úͧActium㹡..31N..31N
ѹѧçҪҳҨѡ÷2500ҡ.
ѹ¹ӡѺա駤èʹյ.
㹡..197N..197Nͧ෨ʶҹաäҢͧǡ⿹¹㹵ٹͤաµᵡж١駺Ѱիҧäѹͧͧ. ͺͧ㹵ѹ͡ѧȢͧѹ͡Шѡôիҵ.
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ҪἹ觷3ѹͧѡôիҤ͡ûż.
1§ͧ..168N..168N١Ҫ2͡Թҧ. 3鹢ͧ..30N..30N١ҪվԸյͧ.
˴.
ͧҧ駷١ѧ.
Թ١ѧ㹡..146N..146N 餹١ѧͻҺ١㹰ҹзͶ١·繷.
㹡..63N..63N Pompeyءҹͺdzҧͧ䵹ҳЧѺ;ԾҷҧHyrcanusAristobulusФͼʹ觢ѹѧͧͺdzҧͧ䵹ҳ.
12000١㹡ûżʶҹѡԷش١ʺҷǨ繵ͧѹ.
ʫի
բͧʫի XI Auletes㹡..51N..51Nҧͧ2;ѵлբҧ繼黡ͧͧXII.
ѧ3դ;ѵҡ繤˻ѵբͧʫիءҹԻ.
Ҷ١ٵͺѧ㹡..44N..44N.
;ѵⷹ
ⷹ١Ǣͧշ觧ҹѺͧ¢ͧͻXII XI. ͡͡ªͧ͢ʫիҪҳҨѡ.
ѧXII觧ҹѺͧ¤աXIIIѧç˻ѵբͧի.
١¨ʫի١駪SF Caesarionѧ(ùҨС繻XIV).
ѧի١ͺѧ͡ѺԻ价ҧⷹդ觢ͧʹͧի Octavian(͡ʵʫի).
ⷹ觧ҹѺҾʵѹͧǢͧͤ¹(ͧ˭ԧͧ͡ʵ)ҷ¡ԡͤ;ѵ.
ǡ觧ҹ㹡..36N..36N
¡ѹǡҡѺ͡ʵѧ١㹡úͧActium(..31N..31N)ҷ;ѵҶͧ͢60.
ⷹն١ѧѺ˹աѺҦҵǵ»յ仹. ѵԹԺҵ͡ҡͺ;ѵҷҨǹ͡ʵ.
¼ªԵͧ;ѵҪǧͧPtolemysصԻ繨ѧѴͧ.
͡ʵʫի
իͧռ§ѵ A
բͧʫի Caius Octavius١¢ͧҹ١繼ʹǢͧ.
͡ʵʤͪͧͧõȷ١ز㹡..27N..27N.
ѧªСâ觷ҧͷActium..31N..31NҤǺͧԹᴹ.
ҵҡ¨ӹǹҡ١ٻСҧͧз§.
շͧͨԹѺççҹͧҹ.
١§ͧTiberiusͧҷҵҧʧ㹤..14N..14N
ի Tiberius(..14N..14N
..37N..37N
㹤ʵѡҪ 14ҵͧ͡ʵ㹰ҹШѡþôҧʧзӵ仹º¢ͧ.
ͧҷҾ͡ʵʫիҹҨТö硫ҪҶ١.
ͧǡѺͧС÷ҵͷѧ͡ҡ١Դ.
ҹӡóçʺеѹ͡л¹.
١ѡ㹺ҧͧҨҤpaedophile.
ѡҢͧع·跹. ªԵͧǢͧҶ١Ѵж١¹ҤҧͧԵҡ.
ҧǧûͧͧ¡â᷹ͧͧҢͧͺdzҧͧ䵹ҳ«٤ʵ١ҹ(Pontius Pilate).
«٤ʵ
«٤ʵԴຸբҧҪվͺdzҧͧ䵹ҳҳ..4N..4N.
ԴҳըѴ͡ʵCasearж١ӾԸҧһ㹻բͧի Tiberius..29N..29Nѹ15
ѧ
ѧѧªԵͧ١17բͧʹAgrippa SFԨóԹع͢鹺ѧBѧ٫ѧ÷Ѵµç.
֡´ѧ١Դѹʧҧͧмش¤·20000.
ػäԴCaesareaҧЪǡա(þٶ١). ѧԴբͧͧѧѡҡóAntoniaҧ˹ѡMasada.
ػä鹢ѧ2駷١occuredѹѹ. ٫ҷҧЪǡա١ѧ20000Caesarea.
Ƿ仡ҧТѴ駷١Ҿӧҹ.
¶١;ǡҾѡ¡.
ͺdzҧͧ䵹ҳ㹡á͡.
㹪ǧ鹡Ӻҡ㨶١٫ͧ蹻ʧҧͧѺzealotsعçǡѺæҵФͺǷ١ҧҧоѡʶҹóʧ.
ѹʹ͡êҾǡ´.
ӢͧZealots PhaniasʧҧͧзԴªԵͧ餹85000١Ѵ͡дѺ٧شШѴ駵ͧͧӹѡҹ觹.
õ»ҳѹѹVespasian·ѧѧSF٫Ҩз¤㹢ͧǡҡѧ˹˹¾ǡҵͧһҺҺáͧ͡硡1յͧ.
TitusҹͻҺҺ٫.
ͧԹ仺ѭµçJosephus:
еͧ٫
٫Titus躹仢ҧ˹Ңͧ͡͡600ͨͧͧͧ͡ҷҧзѹѹŪҡѺͧHelenaҪԹԴҡеǷҧʡѴͧѹ.
շǡͧѹ˹͡ѧǧ¶١ҧǡѺҨشºҧͧҺѹѴ俒ͧѵ٢ͧҶ١شͷź˹.
ǹ˹觢ͧͧѾ˹ҷScoposͧͧա˹ִͧʶҹշҢͧҢͧС͡.
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ö͡Шӹǹҡ١ش.
繾ҹѹ¢ͧǡTitusѺз١͡պҹҧͧеվǡͧ٭·˭.
ѧѺѭ˹ҵҧѴѧͧҡͧѾ͵˹觵theҤͷ˹СᾧѹԹҷѧ١ŧѺҷ3ѹѺѧոҧ7ѹ.
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ǧ÷ͧͧʹ觢ѹҧ駻ҳ33ѹ(4).
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ͺ١Ǵҧзѹѹ俪شͧ¹.
TitusҢͧ蹦12ͧͧͧ͢.
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ǫԴ˹ҤԴѧԵͧǡͧҧóطȾǡҵͧͧҾǡҤæѵ٢ͧǡ.
ѹѹ5ǡҶ¡ᾧѹ2TitusŧǹͧͧҧҧѹѺ·١͡1000ѹ.
ҧáҡѧöҡêм餹觺ҹءö١Դѧö١ͺ.
ҧáءд蹦ҷءٴǡѺѹҾҧ˹ѡѹҧعç.
ҡᾧҡҹФѺʹ蹹鹷ѹ͡;
ҹǷԧŴШѴѧâѴ͡·ӡᾧҧ¢ͧǡͧ.
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¹ŧࢵᴹ˹ͷзͧ͢ҧعç.
٧ͧSionçҡâͧAntoniaѴ١اѧѧѧ.
TitusҡѧҡԹ˰ҹʶҹѴԹЧѺҡѹͨԵ㨢ͧͺҨж١ռҤءҡͧǡй蹢ͧʹҡŷ軯Ժѵԡ.
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ʹ ҡ
ʹҡʹҡйʧâͧҧçŧ¡繡ԷԷç.
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١ǹ͡1ѹӵ仨з§ҡҷ.
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дѺ٧شMatthias١ͧͧҨѺáѺѵ.
3ͧ١¢ͧҶ١㹡ͧҶ١Թ㹡ѧࡵͧѹѺҪԡ16蹢ͧsanhedrin.
ʹҡŴ蹹м˭ԧѡҧͧ硢ͧͧ.
㹷شѧعçAntonia١Titus觷¹.
¢ͧѴѹ10ԧҤ
TitusѭѴö١ѴҼͧѹҨлҡ͡йҨеʶҹ蹨Zealots軯ʸѹ.
ѹ§͡ʹҹ͡١մеǼͧзԹСзѴѴҹкҡ.
ͷ¶١蹦㹤ͨ§Titus觻еǶ١Դ.
ҡҧѹ觢ԧøѴشżҹ§.
ҹ鹡ûѴͧѺѴ俶١ЧѺ.
ѹ10ԧҤѹѹͧշNebuchadnezzarѧѴ١ҧ§¡١ԹѴ躹.
§¡ͧȡøѴ㨡кͧǡͨ鹷ѵ٢ͧǡͤسҾŧ㹫ҡѡѡѧ.
ûѵö١ӵøѴش.
ѹǹ١͡ҡǹͧ§͡餹6000Ҽͧ硶١͡ǧʹҷӷç鹶١ѭҾҹҨ餹ͧѴҹ.
õԴҤ俤سҾŧҧԧ.
Titus㹡èѴ18ѹǡѺͧǹ١ѺҹҧǴǵ.
ѹѹҡҹѹ.
èѧ͡ҧ.
ҧ͡Ҿͧդ駹ͧ٫1100000١蹦97000㹰ҹйѡ.
Ǥ駷2Դҧͧҡ132֧135 A.D »ж١ Kokaba(Cocheba).
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ʵʹҡѧǹҡѧ١Դҹԡ¢ͧʹٴҵ.
˵ءóҹҨзԴᵡҧʵʹҡ.
ʵʹԡǨ繵ͧ͡ҡʵͺ Kokaba㹰ҹ. Ҿǡ͡KokabaǡҤШ繵ͧʹѺʹع.
ǡ͡ʹѺʹعж١ԴҼ.
ѹԴʶҹóʧҧФʵ.
Ƕ١䵹͡駹.
ѹѺʵʹԡԹ ûѵ÷繾Ըա10 Ѻ. ҷ˹觢ͧ١㹻դDȁDͧ64ÿͧͧʵʹԡͧѹ鹡ûѵá.
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ҧѡôѹллվѧҷѡôµʶ͡ҪҡѰЧҹҧʹз١ԷԾ˹.
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ͧǧᵹ(ѡô䷹ )
㹻(..330N..330N) ᵹԹҨҡСõ駪ѹᵹŷª鹷ҧä(ʵѹ).
èѡôǹѹ͡еѹ¾鹰ҹ.
ǹѹͧ͡ǧ鹼ش¶١¡Ҩѡôԫѹչ.
ѰŨѡôѹ١ѺԪͻִͧͧǧ.
Justinianͧ(..529N..529N )
533ͻշ繷͡鹢ͧҪǧкͺûͧѹлһ- is in which繢ͧäӹҨ٧شǡѺŧѡԷͧӶ١˹ѹͻշ㹹鹨ѡþô Justinian͡鴢ͧҢͧ(..529N)͡.
ѡôѹѡԷ
ѡôѹѡԷըѡôҡѹ2ТͧѡôѹʶԪͻͧ觵ͧѧѧѧҧǴ.
ǡѵҪcoronatedС⪡ŧ.
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⡷ѹ¹ŧ繷µç/ʹҤҸԤ589١ӨѴѧ.
ѧâŧѹѧͧǡЪǧҢͧἹ觿շҧɳشªǤѡôҧ˭դ繤ͤͧͧWestern-Roman-Empire١ҧСѧСͺǹ˭ͧȷ١ūҹ鹢ͧٹҧзջûѹ(¡ǹͧҺطͺ·ѧ鹡Ѻӹǹҡ).
㹻800ҪFrankishҭ١ԭͧҡشѹлл㹰ҹШѡþôҪͧ蹹鹤ö١ʶҹ鹶١дѧ鹡繷ѡþôͧʹյѺǧ.
ѡѵʵѧ˵ءóѹԴͧѡôѹѡԷҧ auspicesͧ觿շҧɳҸԤѰкͺûͧѹлһҶ١ҧԵշٹҧСѧСͺкdzͺʹ.
ѡô Frankish١ҽФ˹ѹͧѹѧҡáٻ.
ѰкͺûͧѹлһҹҨժԵʹз觻1871. 㹾Ȩԡ¹1793ʶʵ㹻ٹҧͧٻ赡ŧѹdownʹҤʵ١ҧ繷ҧ.
ʶءѧӤѭáзӢͧҹ:
ҧǧûͧѰ;ѧ¡ѹʧѹ. ҧáʶ;ѧ˹㹨شѹ觵ѹҪһŴ͡ҡ˹觷ӤѭФѾԴҾҷءӹҨҧùͻԺѵԡʶйº.
ٻẺͧʵʹ2ѹ٧ش㹷ջû..508N..508N 餹ͧ()繡ҧѵҸԤѧӹҨҧʹҢͧ㹤..508N..508N
㹡ѹͧ¸ѹʹҤҸԤ١Arianiam.
Է㹡繼˹§ǢͧʹҶ١Ѵպջû㹰ҹм.
ͧѾ⡷ѹ١Clovis㹤..508N..508Nչ鹷Ѻͧ鹷ҧ㹤..507N ١·ҡشͧʶ .
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ǧûͧͧ˹ѹлһҶ١˵ءóҹͧ:
Դͧѹ
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شἹʹͧѺҹ:
⡷ѹ͡⡷ѹ觿շҧɳҹSuevi AllemanniͧѹHeruliѹҡŻյءҹԵͤDȁD568С͵ҪҳҨѡâBurgundians.
ҵ ҡѧǧѹ.
١ٴ誹ҵԷͺͧ10ҹ١ӨѴ.
ѹ͡ѧءҹʹҢͧ.
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ҷԴ2. 1Դͧѡôѹ͡
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蹶١ ultimatelyШѡôͧǡҶ١ѧªԵзѹѹͧѵ.
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ҹҨлͧҡ403-526. ѡþô JustinianҨлŴԵйҨ觺Ԫͻͧrome÷Ѵ㹵ѹ.
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ǡ͡觡ҧҧͧromanǹͷѧ:
Ҥի(Ҫԡʹਫط)١ѡح1534ԡҡ͵ж١ѹлл1540IIIѺҧ繷ҧ.
ҤΌͧ˭ԧͶ͡ŧѡԷͧҺá¹蹶١Թҧ.
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Ԩҹ(֡мšзҧͧ)2ѹͧҧӤѭͧǡҷCcatholicism.
Counter-Reformation
áҧҪԡʹਫطѧͧ㹵áҧ.
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ǹ١¡ԡҧ繷ҧ1834.
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㹻1789Ѿʡѧbankrupt.
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蹡êࡳçҧҧԵҭԷҪ(1791).
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ѡѵعçǽʤȁD1758-1794١Թ硷աѰâͧThermidorͧ9(ѹ27áҤ1794)the theԴҧçҧͧ1795.
ǧûͧͧǡҶ١Ӻҡ㨤ѻж١Ѱâͧ⺹һ쵹¹ͧBrumaireͧ18Сá˹ͧʶҹŨ㹷ش.
ѧ鹶١ʧѡѵԽʡ鹢ͧѡô觻ҹ¹1(1804)ʧ觻ҹ¹1㹹鹪ǽʾ¤ԴǡѺûٻͧǡѷչѷԤǹʵѴҹջû.
¹١ж١Ѻ.
ªԵͧҷ
ҧٻ餹͡ʶҷԡ. 餹١Դءҹж١ѧѺҹҹ蹹Ѻҷǡҡ͡ǡһʸͧʵʹФӢͧ.
3зʹҢͧҡѹ24Ȩԡ¹1793֧1/2ն١е᷹ʶҹ.
ǡҷš¹ ԷԹ ͪͺ١ͧǡҢͧҵ.
鹪ǧѹ(ѹ24Ȩԡ¹1793Frimaire ѹ3㹻II)ʶͧʶ١ԴҹҸóТͧŷ١.
·ѹʹзͧԴʶࢵʹԴǡ㹰ҹ Ѵͧ˵ؼ ǹ˭.
ѴҹDsire Candille١觵㹰ҹ բͧ˵ؼ ѧԹ¼ҹͧ.
ն١鹺ö˰ҹѧ١иҹͺʹж١ʶ쒆٧ʶʹš. ˹觷蹺٪ҷӤѭشʶж١Ѻŧѡͧͧѭ.
èͧǧʶͧʶ١ԴСҹҸóж١ʹѺʹعҧԡᵹ. (ԡᵹ)Ҿ١ͧʹ. ԡᵹʶ١subjectedªԵS ૹ ѧͧѹͧBartholomew ûѵâͧǡѴҹ¡ԡͧ ӻСȢͧ÷ҧҤѹͧȽ躹 ͧҡҪXIVǹ Albigensian С͡ûٻСûѵâͧ ǡ .
㹤֡´ѧͧǡʶҷԡҪԡͧѰԧ¡ԡ˹ѹлһҹ¹. ʵʹСûѵԽ 151˹ҧǨ·١¹֧¹ҡ硷բͧʷͧ¤ҹ:
ʹҨФthe theѵ١ѧѴ駢ͧҸóѰ. ѹͧ١Դ㹽. ѹͧ١Դ 蹨СӨѴٹҧͧ͡Ҿͧʶ; 觡ҹѹʹѺʹعسѹѹسҾ١¡ҡش㹸㹤ͧس.. 㨨شѹ.
ͺͧ˹ѹлһ
˹ѹлһ㹻1798ҸBerthierШѺѹллPius VIҧ㹤ء.
Berthier1ѹ15Ҿѹ1798ͧѡѹлл.
ҷҧҢͧѰкͺûͧѹлһҶ١¡ԡҧ觷.
診кͺûͧѹлһ1260ժǢ.
ǡҶ١¾ŽBelisariusҡѧж١ǽ͡ѧ
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ѹ訹зʹѭҪʶSTDJOHNLATERANͧا1929ҷѡͧԵշѷԿ줁DȁD1883-1945ӹѡҵԡѹʶѧͶ١鹤.
㹻1989šҨҤʶѧͧѰԡͷԴصԷѷԤǹʵ.
ԸշºзعçԸն١ͧͷ繡ҧͧ1ѹ÷Ѵ1ѹ¡ҪҳҨѡ÷١觢ͧջû.
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ȷ軡ͧẺҪҸԻû÷ԴѹҾ͡Ҿ¡觧ҹ.
ԨԴѹ鹵ǻҳȵɷ11Фͺ÷Ѵҹ㹪ǧ1800. inter marriagesҹشǷ÷ʹ件֧˾ѹѰҧͧҳ1ѹѹѹͧѡôѹѡþô.
ҧдѺҧʶԴͧ˭˾ѹѰҧʹѹллö觼šзmonarchsɊÂġáзӷҧʹǡѺҤТͧѰҹ.
ҧáº˾ѹѰóҧͧ. ҪҳҨѡѧç١.
ͧ ¶١ʧ͡觧ҹѹ.
ǧûͧͧҪԹԤӤѭش'grandmotherͧջû觧ҹѺҪѹоǡ9觧ҹ١͡ЪѺͧ͢ǡºҹ;ǧ.
ͧ·١Դк¤駾ͧ˭ԧõ˹ҪҳҨѡСѹ.
դѹਵѵʧҧѧнʻഹHungariaл.
ѧ͵ҧӹǹѹͧ˾ѹѰӤѭѹ.
ѹͧ仺ҹ;ǧ١Ԩó.
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ǡ9.
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Ἱ ͧջû.
| ͧûͧẺҪҸԻ | ص | |
|---|---|---|
| Ի | ѡô | 31ʵѡҪ |
| ҪҳҨѡ | Ըա | |
| ഹ | ҪҳҨѡ | Ըա |
| ҪҳҨѡâͧѧ 觡ҹǹ˹觢ͧѧɻͧͧ |
ҪҳҨѡ | Ըա |
| ԡ൹䵹 | Ѱ | Ըա |
| ѡ | Թᴹ㹤ͧͧùؤ | Ըա |
| Ѱ | Ըա | |
| Ź | ҪҳҨѡ | Ըա |
| ҪҳҨѡ | Ըա | |
| | ҪҳҨѡ | Ըա |
| ഹ | ҪҳҨѡ | Ըա |
| ź | Ѱ | 1918/1939 |
| Austria-Hungary | ѡôҪҳҨѡ | 1918 |
| Baden | Թᴹ㹤ͧͧùؤ | 1918 |
| ҪҳҨѡ | 1918 | |
| Brunswick | ԹѡԹҢͧؤ | 1918 |
| ҪҳҨѡ | 1946 | |
| ѡô | 1918 | |
| ի | ҪҳҨѡ | 1973 |
| Ϋù | Թᴹ㹤ͧͧùؤ | 1918 |
| Ե | ҪҳҨѡ | 1946 |
| Lippe | Ѱ | 1918 |
| Mecklenburg-Schwerin | Թᴹ㹤ͧͧùؤ | 1918 |
| Mecklenburg-Strelitz | Թᴹ㹤ͧͧùؤ | 1918 |
| | ҪҳҨѡ | 1918 |
| Oldenburg | Թᴹ㹤ͧͧùؤ | 1918 |
| õ | ҪҳҨѡ | 1910 |
| ҪҳҨѡ | 1918 | |
| Reuss | Ѱ | 1918 |
| ҪҳҨѡ | 1947 | |
| ѡô | 1917 | |
| Saxe-Altenburg | ԹѡԹҢͧؤ | 1918 |
| Saxe-CoburgЪͧѹ | ԹѡԹҢͧؤ | 1918 |
| Saxe-Meiningen | ԹѡԹҢͧؤ | 1918 |
| Saxe-WeimarEisenach | Թᴹ㹤ͧͧùؤ | 1918 |
| Ңѵ´Դ˹ | ҪҳҨѡ | 1918 |
| Schaumburg-Lippe | Ѱ | 1918 |
| Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt | Ѱ | 1918 |
| Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | Ѱ | 1918 |
| ҪҳҨѡ | 1918 | |
| WaldeckPyrmont | Ѱ | 1918 |
| Wrttemberg | ҪҳҨѡ | 1918 |
| ҪҳҨѡ | 1945 |
èͧʧšȷ軡ͧẺҪҸԻ©ѹ(1918)ǹ˭١¡ԡͶ١᷹ҸóѰٻẺͧѰ蹷駤ͺǷҹз繾Ըա. ջȷ軡ͧẺҪҸԻժԵʹ10ѹ§ҹաѧ繨ԧ.
ͧٷҹѹջûشǡdzҡѹҡѧdzͧѡôҢҧ(ʧѹҾ).
ҷդöҡͨӹǹҡҧҡѺѹ.
Ἱ ͧdzѹ.
ѧ538ͧûѹ繡ҧ繼ʶͧ.
ѧçӹҨСѧѹ¤.
ǡº͡Ҿҧͧͧѡô
ѡôǡҺ͡ҾҧʹҼԴ. ͡Ҿѹͧ餹ҧʹҶ١ʶѰҧäءͧªԵûѵС÷ҹѡ.
ѧաûздѺҵзҧͧջû١ѹѡҧǡѹʵʹԡҸԤͧǡҨз觡áҧ.
ѡҤطͧʹѹѹллö觼šзѰͻСȼзǧʧ͡Ѻ价͡ûٻ.
ö觼šзѰŴѧҡִͧͧѹллҸ1798 Berthier.
ŷԷաͧʧѺǡ͡յ١ѰѧѺ.
ҧѧ.
ЪҤûҡ͡㹰ҹСäҢҧҵԷ١.
ѧçӹҨ,ҧҵðҹš¹ѹҵðҹСӨѴšҡ͡§ǹ˹觢ͧеŴɰԨ.
»2001Թҷ繷ҧâͧ¹Euro.
ͧҧش駷Եҧͧҧҵðҹҭз˹觤繼Ӣͧǡѹ觷ǡѺûͧ.
ǡҡѧâеŴáͧ͡ҾɰԨ仡ҧѹԵá÷õ.
Ӣͧû15ȪҴѹʺշӻЪҤûӹҨҧäá㹷ѹͻѵʵ42. 駫Ҥѹ4Զع¹1999
÷ӹ¢ͧ ŷѹѰѡô١·繡㹰ҹҧͧ1ѹз觡Ңͧ«٤ʵѹԾҡšͧ2 .
дѺͧ͡Ҿ˹١ʹй͡ҡҨԴἹɰԨѨغѹ.
ҧá÷ӹʹҡǡѹҧͧ÷Ѵ1ѹ¡Ҩ١㹨ѡôѹ.
ͧ÷ԴҤҨ繡êغԵͧǡѹҧʹҪͺ觷觼šзջûҧ538-1798.
ʹҾǡҹҨоѹ¡觧ҹǡҨѡ¡ѹ.
շջû1ѹ(ҡѡôѹ)ӷ繨ԧ1¡
Өաշջû١ʶԷԾ˹. ǡѹɰԨѨغѹٴѹҤͧͧʶ.
ùӡѺա駡äǺҧʹա駤͡طͧ
äǺ㹹ҷչ鹢.
Ǽ餹ӹҨͧ˻ЪҪҵԡѧ¡ͧ äǺʶ Դѹͧջûеѹա§ҧ鹢ͧš.
ִš.
ʶҷԡ.
蹤ͤͧ͢÷ӹ¢ͧԴ⻧.
ʧ
ʧӹǹҡͧ÷Ѵû 繡ҡ觧ҹ ǡʧʧ鹤.
ѧչҨѧçѧͺͧ.
ѧͧջûʧš2駤˵µçͧûҡ鹢ͧӹҨ
ӹҨѰԡ.
| ʧ | èͧʧ | ѭ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 431ʵѡҪ | Peloponnesian | - | ǡա |
| 331ʵѡҪ | úͧArabela(Gaugemela) | 331ʵѡҪ | ǡաҧ硫ҹҪ Persians(III)ѹ1Ҥ. Ѻ35000§硫ҹͧѾͧ1000000. |
| 168ʵѡҪ | úͧPydna | 168ʵѡҪ | ѹǡա診ʧ4շ㹡..171N..171N() |
| 31ʵѡҪ | úͧActium | 31ʵѡҪ | ͡ʵʫիⷹн٧Իͧ;ѵ |
| 1095-1272 | ͡ûٻ | 1272 | ʵʹԡѺʧ١ѹллҷӡѵ͵Ѻnon-christians(moslems)ǡ͡յмзǧ |
| 1337-1453 | ʧ»ҧѧɡѺʁiDȁD1337-1453j | 1453 | ѧн |
| 1394 | úͧNicopolis | - | OttomansӡûٻШѺû |
| 1455-1485 | ʧͧҺ | 1485 | ʧҧͧҪҳҨѡ |
| 1562-1598 | ʧʢͧʹ | 1598 | ǡФҷԡСԹԫ. |
| 1618-1648 | 30 @ʧͧ | ʹѭҢͧʵ | ͧ¹ջûѴҹʹҤҸԤѧ. ʧҧǽ÷Ѵλʺ졢ͧѡôѹѡԷ. |
| 1688-1697 | ʧͧѹԺҵͧ͡ʺ | ʹѭҢͧRijswijk | ѺѹԵâͧѧŹXIV |
| 1700-1721 | ʧ˹˭ | ʹѭҢͧNystad | ഹŹŧѧͧഹ. ѹѧԴ蹢鹢ͧ㹰ҹоѧӤѭ. |
| 1701-1714 | ʧͧõͧ | ʹѭҢͧê | Loius XIVͧʡѺѹԵâͧѧɤѪЪ. ªԵͧպصâͧIIءʧǡѺҨǧѧ. |
| 1739-1743 | ʧͧ٢ͧJenkin | 1743 | ѧ |
| 1740-1748 | ʧͧõͧ | ʹѭҢͧAiz-la-Chapelle | ¢ҧѰѹ. |
| 1756-1763 | ʧ紻 | ʹѭҢͧʹѭҢͧHubertusburg | ҧлѧɽ |
| 1775-1783 | ʧѰԡҢͧҾ | 1783 | France, Spain and the Netherlands helped the 13 colonies to defeat Britain |
| 1792-1802 | ʧûѵԽ | 1802 | Ѱѧ |
| 1800-1815 | ʧ¹ | 1815 | ʧͧ¹ԷԾ˹ͷջûص㹡úͧѹ18Զع¹1815 |
| 1821-1828 | ʧիͧҾ | 1828 | աеá. ѧнʪ·ѧ |
| 1853-1856 | ʧi1854-1856jҧ½˹觡Ѻá | 1856 | ѧнʵ͵ҹ·Ѻ駢͡ѧͧǡҢͧ㹷Ŵ. |
| 1861-1865 | ʧ | 1865 | վѺԡѹмѹԺҵǡѺ繷Сǡѹ˾ѹѰ |
| 1866 | Austro -ʧ | ||
| 1880-1881 1899-1902 | ʧ繪Ǻ | 1881 | ûͧͧѧɢͧҿԡ |
| 1914-1918 | ѹʧš(ʧ˭) | ʹѭҢͧ | ѧԵյ͵ҹѧɢͧšǹ |
| 1936-1939 | ʧͧ | ªзNationalist | վѺԡѹѺѡҵ(Ѻͧ͢)(ѺfacistԵչҫ). |
| 1939-1945 | ʧš駷2 | 1945 | յ͵ҹȾѹԵԵЭ(ѧɽʨչѰԡ). ʧص¡Դҳêѹ6ԧҤͧҤѹ§ͧ1945. |
| 1946-1954 | ʧԹչ | 1954 | ´н |
| 1950-1953 | ʧ | 1953 | ǹʵм͡ǹʵ |
| 1956 | ʧͫ | 1956 | ѧɽŵ͵ҹԻӡѺա駡äǺͧͧͫ |
| 1956-1975 | ʧ´ | 1975 | ´˹͡ǹʵѺѹ´. ѰԡҡǢͧ1961. |
| 1967 | ʧ6ѹ | 1967 | ŵ͵ҹԻաôŢͧشѤǵٴҹŨ¨ᴹЫ |
| 1970-1975 | ʧ٪ | 1975 | ٪ҵ͵ҹ´˹´ҧѰԡ |
| Ҥ6-22 1973 | ʧѹشҧʹҢͧѹǴʹѹʴӹ֡Դʶ | 1973 | ŵ͵ҹԻЫաôŢͧشѤШᴹ |
| 1980-1988 | ҹ ʧѤҹ | 1988 | ҹͧͧѤҷͺͶʹȹʹѺʹعҾ㹨ѧѴѹ͡繪 |
| 1982 | ʧFalklands | 1982 | ѧɡѺਹԹҷѹءҹпŹ |
| 1991 | ʧ | 1991 | ѤѺѰԡлȾѹԵ29ѧѤءҹǵ |
| 2001 | ʧѿҹʶҹ | - | ѰԡҡѺͧü͡·١ҷǧͧѿҹʶҹʹѺʹع. ѹѺحҤѰԡҶ١ѵԹԺҵͧѹ11ѹ¹2001Թ仢ҧ˹ͧԹԧҳԪ١. |
Թ
Թ繸ҵԤԹ駡ûżŷзѹѹ·ӨѴԵзԹ.
ǡ蹴ԹǾहӷtsunamiعĴ١ŷ駤ʹҡä.
觡ҹ鹤Թѹ١ԨԴ. غѵ´ҹçҹʧС¹ŧǴ.
蹷šСõѴ͡ԨӤѭѧͺѭ.
äкҴ شҳ1/3ͧЪҡâͧջû.
繺ػͧ Թ繸ҵ .
Թȶ١äкҴʹҡйӷԴ. ͧҹ١ĵԡҧʧ¹ŧǴüԴŸԴ.
ȵɷ14ջʺóǧҷշشʧäкҴФԹ.
| ä | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| äѡɳеԴ | ҡȹ | 1929 | š | ͧ25繵١ |
| äҡҴ˭ | ҡ | 430ʵѡҪ | ู | äкҴูͧäҡҴ˭. 90000ู |
| ҵä | 1800 | ջû | S蹦 | |
| 1991 | Թⴹ | ͧҵä | ||
| 1991 | еԹԡ | 600000Դ5000 | ||
| 1994 | ѹ | 10000ʧҧͧ | ||
| մ | ҡ | - | ջû(дѺҧ) | ѧâͧ¹30繵. ҧ繷ҧö١شҡ⤹1979. ԹӹǹͧҧҤ500000000. |
| äкҴ | ˹еѴ | ȵɷ3 | ١ش50001ѹ | |
| 542-662 | ᵹ | ش٧ش鹼餹10000·ء1ѻ. 70000ͧ١ش. äкҴͧJustinian͡ҡ١¡. | ||
| 1324 | ջû | 25000000١ش1347 - 1351. ҡ͡ûٻش30 -ͧЪҡ40繵 | ||
| 1665 | | ١ش17440 | ||
| 1890 | 600000012500000Թ. | |||
| 1924 | ͧ | ҹҹ1900 | ||
| خѧ | ؤҧ | ջû | 㹷ջûؤҧ. Թºҫ¹ԹջѭҷӤѭ. | |
| äҡҴ˭ | ҡ | 1918 | ʧš1 | 150,000 soldiers died |
| Ѵ˭(Ѵ˭) | ҡ | 1917-1918 | š | ١شʧ餹. americansš25000000ѹ 500000ѹ. ͧЪҡѰԡ40繵Դ. |
| ä͵պ | ҡ | - | Ϳԡ | ١شѹ18ȵɷ19. |
| Ebola | 1977 | Ϳԡ | Hemorrhagic. ͡ҡ龺ͧԺѵԡáԨ·1989. ªԵ˵5ѹ. 㹻Ѩغѹ١ѹ͡. | |
| ͧ | ا | - | - | Hemorrhagic |
| ധ | ا | - | - | Hemorrhagic÷繪еҡԴѰԡҷҤԺ¹ࢵͧŧ仢ͧطừԿԤͿԡ |
| Lassa | ѹ | - | - | Hemorrhagic |
| hantavirus | ҡ | - | - | Hemorrhagic |
| 硫 | - | л١ | äͧѵ觤Էط褹 | |
| äǺ | 2000 | ջû | ѵ¨繵ͧ١ | |
| ʹ | ǡѺȶ١ | 1980 | š | 1200000040000000Դʹ»2001 |
ä; ҡâҴԵԹԵҹҹ١
ҡâҴԵԹ ä֧ ·ѧѹ.
Of these, the HIV virus, that produces AIDs is the most troublesome. 2001餹40000000Դ١ҹԸն.
ǹǡѺŷ«Ҥ˹ͧ͢ͿԡҫѺҹ鹢ͧͿԡҡõԴ3800000ѹ§ҹ㹻2000мªԵ2400000·Դ.
ͧ餹25300000Ҥ鹡ѧ1100000ѹͧҹʹ㹻չ鹤.
ͧ˭ԧ55繵HIVТͧ˭ԧҧ20-29 25繵Դ!
ҹ㴡êͷӾ12100000ҧآͧ14Ϳԡ.
÷ä㹼·ԧȵѹ1980ǡѧäͧЪҡ÷ṹ§ҧԷҡҧǴ.
ѧԸѡҢͧʹѹä١·ʹǡѺǹҡ餹öä». ҧáä蹷äҧзѹѹЦѹ. Ebolaͤçشͧ. ѹ١觼ҹҤԴ. ʹ. ѡ.
Թ
ԹȤʹҡ
ʹҡʹҡԴªԵҡ20֧25000000㹻ҳ1ǹ4ش¢ͧȵɷ1920000001ǹ4ش¢ͧȵɷ20.
| ʹҡ | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʹҡ | 536 - 551 | ջû | Թš繴 |
| ʹҡ˭ | 1315 - 1317 | ջû | S蹵 |
| ʹҡѹ觨ӾǡSOLANUMTUBEROSUM | 1846 - 1850 | Ź | 1000000ǡѺʹҡä |
| ʹҡù | 1921 - 1923 | ù | ١·١繤ʹҡشҡ7֧10000000. |
| ʹҡ | 1959 - 1961 | չ | 30000000 |
| ʹҡ | 俿 | Ϳԡ | ١ҾҡʧԴ |
| Թ | ªԵ | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| äҡҴ˭ | 430ʵѡҪ | ู | 90000 |
| 47ʵѡҪ | Ի | ͧش˭ͧ硫ҹ¤١ӨѴ | |
| 79ʵѡҪ | ͧҳԵͧ¶١ԴѺ㹻դȁD79Herculenium | 20000ѹ24ԧҤʫ | |
| 536ʵѡҪ | Ţͧ÷Ӥ繷šͷԴʹҡҳ15. 㹺ҧͧҨж١ҧ俷Դ. | ||
| ä | 542 | ᵹ | äкҴͧJustinian |
| ʹҡ | 1315 - 17 | ջû | S蹵 |
| ä | 1346-52 | ջû | 25000000١Ե. Ƿ˹. |
| ͧ | 1648 | ҹ | - |
| äкҴ | 1649 | | 80000 |
| äкҴ | 1666 | | 70000 -١ش俷˭ |
| 1666 | | ͧͧ80繵ӨѴѹ2ѹ¹ | |
| 蹴Թ | 1755 | ʺ | 30000 |
| մ | 1775-82 | ջԡ˹ | 130000 |
| ͧ | 1793 | 5000 | |
| 蹴Թ8.8 | 1811 | ʫ | 蹴Թ3ѹ(ѹ16ѹ¹ -Һͧѹ7Ҿѹ12ʫʫԻŷѧ |
| ҵä | 1831 | ا ا | |
| ʹҡ | 1846 - 50 | Ź | 1000000 |
| Ѻҧ | 1865 | Ңͧŵҹ | 1547ԴͧͧͷӶ١ͷèҡʧ. |
| մ | 1870-71 | 500000 | |
| Tsunami | 1883 | Թⴹ | 36000 |
| ӷ | 1887 | չͧ | 900000 |
| Johnstownӷ | 1889 | ྐྵ | 2209 |
| Tsunami | 1896 | 27000 | |
| ह | 1900 | 硫 | 8000 |
| Ѻҧ | 1904 | Slocum | 1021ѹ15Զع¹ͧŹ |
| 蹴Թ | 1906 | ҹҹ | : |
| վ | 1908 | 䫺(Tunguska) | ѹ30Զع¹ºdz2000ҧkm |
| 蹴Թ | 1908 | Ե | 70000 |
| 蹴Թ | 1911 | ͧǧͧ硫 | : |
| Ѻҧ | 1912 | ䷷ҹԤ | 2224ѧ͵ҹҹѹ15¹ |
| Ѻҧ | 1914 | ѡþôԹխ蹢ͧŹ | 1012ૹùѧѹѹ19Ҥ. |
| Ѻҧ | 1915 | Lusitania | 1198١١ѹѹ17Ҥ |
| Ѻҧ | 1915 | Eastland | 800ѹ24áҤ١Ҷ١㹪Ԥ |
| Ѻҧ | 1917 | ʹͧҧ͡Ż | 1963Դῡͧѹ6ѹҤ. 3ӷǢͧ. |
| Ѵ˭ | 1918 | š | 25000000 |
| 蹴Թ | 1920 | չ | 200000 |
| ʹҡ | 1921 - 23 | ù | ¨ҡ7֧10000000 |
| 蹴Թ | 1923 | 143000 | |
| ع | 1925 | Ѱԡ | 689ѰͧʫԹԹ¹Ҥ160000003ѹ |
| 蹴Թ | 1927 | չ | 200000 |
| ह | 1928 | Դ | 1800 |
| | 1928 | ͧ(ૹҹ) | 450(ѹ12չҤ) |
| ӷ | 1931 | չͧ | 370000080000000. Ңͧչ |
| 蹴Թ | 1932 | չ | 70000 |
| 蹴Թ | 1935 | ҡʶҹ | 30000 |
| ҡ | 1937 | Hindenburg | 35ҹͧѹ6ҤLakehurst |
| 1938 | 600 | ||
| 蹴Թ | 1939 | á | 33000 |
| Ѻҧ | 1944 | Junyo Maru | 5620ѡɭ蹢ͧʧҵҷ١ԴʹӹҪҳҨѡѹ16ѹ¹. |
| Ѻҧ | 1945 | Gustloff | Ǻҹ7000-8000зѹ١繺Ҵ. ѹ30Ҥ١ʹӹ㹷ŷźŵԡԴ. |
| Դ | 1945 | êЪͧҤѹ§ͧ蹨ʧš2 | |
| 蹴Թ | 1948 | ʶҹ | 100000 |
| ह | 1957 | ¹ | 400 |
| ʹҡ | 1959 - 61 | չ | 30000000 |
| 蹴Թ9.2Tsunami | 1964 | ʡ | 350000000100ѹ27չҤ. ١ʵѹTX. ѧëӵ20ص |
| зŧҵ | 1970 | 20000١شѹ30Ҥ100ͪж١蹴Թ㹷 | |
| 蹴Թ | 1970 | 66000 | |
| 1970 | ѧ | 500000ѹ12Ȩԡ¹ | |
| | 1972 | ʵ(Ӹáк) | 125(ѹ26Ҿѹ) |
| ӷ | 1974 | ѧ | 28000 |
| | 1975 | չ(Shimantan) | 250000(ѹ7ԧҤ) |
| 蹴Թ | 1976 | չ | 255000 |
| ҡع | 1977 | Թ | 10000 |
| | 1979 | 3 | ѹ1Ѱԡ |
| | 1979 | 硫(Թʶ) | ӡҡ |
| 1982 | 硫 | 1800 | |
| Եѳ غѵ˵ | 1984 | ԹBohpal | 8000Ҵ50000 |
| 蹴Թ | 1985 | 硫 | 8000 |
| | 1986 | Chernobyl | 餹135000;¾зʡádz20 |
| 蹴Թ | 1988 | 100000 | |
| طGeomagmetic | 1989 | ມ | 俿 |
| 蹴Թ | 1990 | ҹ | 35000 |
| õѴ | 1990 | | ͧ90繵ѧ١Ѵ1990. 20000ҧʹѺʹعѭա. |
| 1991 | Phillipines(Ҿչҵ) | ѹ15Զع¹ûзطعçش | |
| Tsunami | 1991 | ѧ | 138000 |
| ह | 1992 | Դ | 25000026000000000 |
| 蹴Թ | 1993 | Թ | 22000 |
| ʹҡ | 1994 | 100000 | |
| 俻 | 1994 | ͧ | 1750000Ρ١ |
| 蹴Թ | 1995 | 6500 | |
| 俻 | 1995 | ҫ | 1750000Ρ١ |
| 俻 | 1995 | Թⴹ | 餹١ռ70000000㹻6 |
| ӷ | 1996 | չͧ | 30004000000 |
| äͧѡʺ | 1996 | Ϳԡҵѹ | 25000 |
| 蹴Թ | 1996 | ٫ມʶҹ | 000 |
| Tsunami | 1998 | ǡԹ | 3000 |
| ӷ | 1998 | չ | 3600 |
| हMitch | 1998 | ԡҡҧ | 12000㹻9ѹ24Ҥ |
| 蹴Թ | 1999 | á | 17000 |
| 蹴Թ | 1999 | ѹ | 1800 |
| ҡع | 1999 | Թ | 7600 |
| ӷ | 1999 | | 15000 |
| 俻 | 2000 | Ѱԡ | 㹵ѹ1750000Ρ١ |
| 蹴Թ | 2001 | Թ | 20000 |
| Դ | 2001 | 3200 | |
| 蹴Թ | 2002 | ѿҹʶҹ | 2500 |
| 俿 | Ѱԡ | 420000ͻ ӹǹ鹨ҡͧ70000 |
ӹǹͧ觻дɰ͡ҧҹ˭ѧͧ. ȵɷ19¹觻дɰ·ҧ.
÷¡觻дɰ١1800ӹǹҡSҶ١ººȵɷ˹ҷç.
ѹ㨺觻дɰ§
觻дɰᾷʵͼ.
..1000N..1000N˵ءóӤѭҳ3ѹ3000.
ҹջҳ8ҧ2000նѴ.
ҹջҳ10ҧ800նѴ.
ѧ1800ջҳ45200.
2500繵5000շ˹. ѴسҾͧ觻дɰ͡áзš.
| ҧдɰ | ||
|---|---|---|
| 3200ʵѡҪ | ||
| ١Դ | 3000ʵѡҪ | Ǩչ |
| 硡 | 1400ʵѡҪ | - |
| ԡᴴ | 700ʵѡҪ | - |
| | 650ʵѡҪ | ǡա |
| 512ʵѡҪ | Ǩչ | |
| ˹ѧʵ | 400ʵѡҪ | ǡա |
| ʵл٤ǧФҹѴ | 210ʵѡҪ | |
| ÷ | 100ʵѡҪ | |
| д | 105ʵѡҪ | Tsai Lun(չ) |
| Թ | 1000 | չ(ٻẺͧç) |
| Թ | 1249 | Roger(ٵû) |
| ¹ | 1300 | ջû |
| ԡҵẺ | 1335 | Ե |
| 1450 | ѹ | |
| ž | 1456 | 200ѹͧŷ١ѹ15ԧҤ1456 |
| ͧ÷ȹ | 1608 | ѹ Lippershey |
| ѧѹ | 1629 | ҹBranca |
| Adding-machine | 1642 | ʻʡ |
| Microscoope | 1674 | Ź |
| ͧѡ | 1769 | ѧ¹ |
| ÷ӹ | 1800 | ¤ʹФ㹡÷ӹ¡÷ԴûءҶ֧˭. .૿ջûWolfeManuel de Lacunzaԡ촢ͧѧѹͧBengelѰԡԧ. ഹഹй. Ѱ300ʶͧѧѰnonconformist600ȹҶ֧駷2ѧ. |
| ẵ | 1800 | ŵ |
| 1805 | ǹ | |
| 1843 | 硫ҹ Bain | |
| Կ | 1852 | ͷʡԪ |
| Դ䴹 | 1867 | ôѡǡêഹдɰ䴹дԹԴç٧ |
| ͧմ | 1867 | Sholes |
| Ѿ | 1876 | Цѧ硫ҹ |
| ѹ֡红ŷó | 1877 | Цѧ硫ҹ |
| ʹ | 1879 | Alvaʹѹ |
| 1884 | 쨤ѹ͡ | |
| ͧٻ | 1888 | 쨤ѹ͡ |
| ѧ俿 | 1888 | Nikola |
| ö¹ | 1889 | Karl Benz |
| ͧѡúѵ | 1890 | Hollerith |
| ԷŢ | 1895 | ⤹ |
| 觼ҹԷ | 1901 | ⤹(ѹ12ѹҤ) |
| ʵԡ | 1907 | 硫ҹ Parkes |
| ͧԹ | 1903 | WilburWright Orville |
| () | 1911 | ѡǪ |
| üԵӹǹҡ | 1913 | ι |
| ѵôԵ | 1920 | ѺͧѺзҹ |
| ÷ȹ | 1927 | Philo Farnsworth |
| 繹ԫԹ | 1929 | 硫ҹǿѹ |
| Ҿ÷ȹ | 1935-39 | (35)ѧ(36)Ѱԡ(39) |
| ԧչ | 1940 | TuringѹMathison |
| ͧ˹ԡ١ͧnuclearfissionѺҧѧ | 1942 | |
| (1) | 1944 | H. Aiken |
| ҧ硷ԡ(ENIAC) | 1945 | MauchleyJ. Presper |
| 1950 | Carl Goldmark | |
| 1952 | ѡѵä | |
| Ǻ(ʻصԡ1) | 1951 | Ҿµ |
| ػóšԡ | 1955 | Ѱԡ |
| ͡(§ͧ1) | 1960 | Ѱԡ |
| Թ | 1973 | Ѱԡ |
| ǹؤ | 1976 | ҹʵտʵտWozniak |
| 1977 | ഹC. Hayes | |
| 硴ʡ(CD) | 1979 | Joop SinjouToshi tada Doi |
| ǡ | 1981 | Ѱԡ |
áѺ 繷š
š繷ص1865袳й餹ѧ١ѡҵͶ١⡧---ҡ鹡ѧ١Ѻ.
餹ͧȨҡҵͺ᷹ҪҹҹءѹͶ١. Եҳ27000000ѹ١Сѧ١.
Ңͧ㹷ҧդʴѡҹáзҹ 繷ʾФ ᵡҧ.
Եùդ(ѹ4Ҥ1992)§ҹҤ繷ʡѧ繾㹻Ϳԡ2ԷЫٴҹ.
Է·Ϳԡ100000ҡҶ١繷.
㹫ٴҹʵʹԡѧ١ӹǹҡ繷ʹҢͧǡ.
ԡԵҹҹ.
餹Ƕ١ѴԹҼԴоǡҵҨͧͤͧ͢Ȣͧǡͪԧӡ繸ԡѹ.
ͧ觤觷ҧЪԡѹ蹡ѧӺҡͧ¼Դ.
2002ͺԻ觤觡ѧѧѺ˭ԧԻ12㹤繷ʶ١.
çöҴ俷١Сѧ١ç¹.
»վͧ硫ԡѹѧѺѤü;¾Դ硫ԡѹ˹ǡͷТͧдѺ.
ǡҶ١ѡ㹰ҹз.
ҪԡͧꧤҪҡѡҵǼ˭ԧع¨ҡȢͧҾµʹյѡͺҾǡҷȷǡҽҡäһdzշ١ѧѺҧԴ.
ȷ觤
㹻ҡ˭ԧ١⡧ʶҹ觤ҧشФǵѭҢͧҹ.
ҷǡҶ֧ç鹾ǡҶ١ѧѺá繷ʤûȨҡҵͺ᷹.
ǡԹҧ١حҵж١ͤǺͿѧ.
ǵ觤蹹餹ҹԹѹ.
ǵҧҵԷǹ˭ͧҹ.
ǡҷ仡â¤繷? Ѱŷعҷ٭´ǧһѭҹ?
ѹҼͪѧͧŤ?
ҾͨӡѴԹ
ҾͨӡѴ㹻ҡʶҹԹҾͨӡѴԹ.
餹ҡ١⡧ѭҢͧҹǡҶ١ѹ͡еͧԹù¨ҧͧǡǷҧء.
÷ǡҫ蹵ͧâͧ١ҹ鹹¨ҧͧǡҢҤ٧.
ҹ١ѧѺѡСзԹ١ҧ.
Թӵ仡þҧáҴͶ١繡ͧ.
'١ҧ'ͷͪԵ.
觡ҹ鹡ѧҹԵ.
١ӵзԹ١ѹԴ.
蹶١ѧѺȨҡҾ1ѹ֧Ѵ.
عҡѺԹ4ն١⡧͡ҡҹҡẺҹͧ͡ǡж١ѧѺ.÷Ӿͷ硡зç.
ǡҶ١Դ趹16ҡТҴ֡ФԴҡѺҹҧ.
äһdzշ١ѧѺ
äһdz㹺ҫ˭ԧҡع¶١ѹ仡äһdzҾͨӡѴԹ.
ǡҤͧҹ١ѭ㹰ҹ˭ԧѺҤشͧͧ㹻ҴԺ.
蹤˹觧ҹǤ㹰ҹ.
ǡǷҧ͡ѺҹоǡҺ͡ҾǡҵͧҧҢ.
ͧѹԴ㹻ȷҡͧҾµʹյ. ˭ԧ١⡧ҾǡҨ任ȵѹ觤㹰ҹе鹡حᨺҹ.
ǡصѰԡšիáԵлû蹤Ҫҡͧ.
äһdz
äһdz㹻ҡҤҡ١ѡҵͶ١⡧Ͷ١·äһdzҧҷѹ.
عҡѺ6.
˹ҷ.ҹʹشûԺѵԹҧ鹨ҡäҢҧҵ٧ŤҢͧЧѺҷ١ѡͺ͡кѭͤҡҧ.
Paedophilesҡȵѹ觤ҧѰԡºԹѡʶҹһdzҹ㹷÷ͧǷ١Һ.
ҧ駺ѷ¡úԹʹͧҹҧҷѹ.
ѧ㹼餹ѰԡҶ١Ѻʶҹһdz㹰ҹзǹ˭ͧҡҪҡͧ硫ԡѹ.
㹷ѧԺѵԡԿ1990ǹ繷1ǧ١.
˭ԧ㹡ÿͧͧѧvictimizing餹˹ǡͧԡ. çǼԴöѧ(Թѹ˹͡ҹѹ)ǡҡêͨҡǨ.
ȷդԴ
ȷʹѺʹعҢºԵлȤͼзӼԴշش.
ʶҹҧźºùBelarus Bosnia-HerzegovinaҸóѰѷԻЪҸԻ¢ͧͧ⡡ҺͧիԹⴹŤҫѤʶҹźҹ»ҡʶҹҵ«شٴҹáѰѺõ.
ȷդԴ蹤͵仹: Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, China, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Georgia, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Ivory Coast, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mali, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Nepal, Nigeria, Philippines, Poland, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Ukraine and Vietnam.
§ҹ١¹2002صТͧͧε10繵㹤繷.
ҹç¹зçҹѵж١ѺԹշҧȺҧ.
âͧá á㹤ѧ㨼ԴǺطöѡҼäveneralѧ仡âͧ˭ԧá. ҿԡ1㹼餹8ԴʹáعҡѺ5ѧ١. 㹻ա200021000㺢ͧâ§ҹ.
ҧ
ҧ·ҧҤäкҴ˭شѧ.
ѹ١繪ͺ·١ҡ͡÷ҧԹж١зӼԴ͡仵Ҵ.
ѹ»鹼ҹҷ١Ѻҧѧشʹѧش㹤ͺ
š͡. ͺǤʵǹ˭Եҹҹ.
Next to alcohol comes the other legal drug of choice
͡. դԧҦҵáäդѺԴͺǡѺԵ¡¡öѺʶҹԵԹûʸäءҵҪԡع¢ͧѧ.
ҡ鹷ҧѺҧѧҹǹӤѭҧ蹡ѭहչҹѡ͡Ẻ蹶١¡ҧҧ㹴иáԨѹԧФ;ѧӤѭѲͧ˹.
պ繷.
ҧáդ繷鹵᷹ҵҨѺ¹.
ͧѺҷʡáԵѳ8չ¡.
ҧ蹡ѡǤǶ١šչ.
ѡѹҨоͧ蹹˹мԵѳ蹡ѧӹͧǡѹ١.
鹴Թç¹١ҧѺâ.
Թطءع.
¹ɰԨԹҡ.
ʹҷءԵҹҹ. 㹤ԧ͡óçԹ§Ҥз.
ҷʹҷá§ҹµʶ㹤ҧͧ;ǺطҨлʹ.
ǡҡѧª.
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ؤ˹ͪ鹷繨ԧ»ûáҧʧɰԨԡѹѧͧʧзѧʧš駷2. ǡҡѡɰԨҧǴ.
| 繻ӹҨ | |
|---|---|
| ˵ءó | ¹Ԩ¹Ӥѭ |
| ʧͧҾ (1776) | 繻ӹҨ |
| çҧ (1776) | ١ࡳ͡÷ҧ·ҨС繾鹰ҹͻЪҸԻԷª |
| ʧҧͧ | ١ȹ͡ɰԨҧɵ |
| ѹʧš | áзӡ÷ҧ. ա令ⴴ. ɰԨҧصˡ |
| ʧš駷2 | 繾ѧšҧͧɰԨ |
| ʧ | 觢ѹ㹷ҧظѧ÷СǨá¹͡С秶١ |
| ʧ´ | ١¹Ӥѭͧáзʧɳҷҹ |
| ͧҾµ(1989) | ʶͺء÷ҧͧ |
| ʧ(1992) | ѭѡɳҺŹáСҨӹҨ |
| ռ͡¹ͪԧѹD.C. | ¡ûѵ÷١ʶһкѴʹ㨷 |
¡äءѹҾ١ʹѧʧš駷2ȷͧǧҢͧ ʧ շͺҾµҧѷԤǹʵзͺѰԡЪҸԻͺš. ҧǧѹͧҹҧظ÷աѧС繻ӹҨҧͧ. ԡҪʧ¹͡ҡá繾ѧɰԨաѧ.
¼ش¾ѧ¢ͧҾµ1989ѧ˹͡ҷѴਹշ鹷ѧ١Ъԡѹʧµ͵ҹѤҡ(ȷ٧آͧҺŹ)
ѰԡҶ١СһӹҨ觷褹š.
ҺŹҺŹҷѭѡɳ.
ѹͧ͡÷ͧоѧҧͧɰԨѹѧçѧ.
Ժٹͷ駷§ҹҹ
ŧóº¡ҧѰࡳشἹ¤СҤзٵҧͧС÷âͧԡؤѧʧ繨ѺͧӹҨ觢ѹء١÷Шҧ㹷ջûͧҾµʹյѹʹԹᴹ.
Ңͧѹ11ѹ¹2001ͧԹ÷١2ѹҡʵѹŧʹҧͧͽὴ˹ͧôµçAMͧ8ԡ45ҷAMͧ9ԡ03ҷ.
㹪Ҥͧͧ110ѧѺæҼ餹ҳ4000.
AMͧ9ԡ43ҷͧԹ١ѹա١·ྐྵҡͪԧѹD.CD§¢ͧ觡ҧЦҼ餹ҳ100.
ͧԹ١ѹ4价ºǷ١㹷˭ྐྵ·AMͧ10ԡ00ҷѧҡ÷Ҷ١ԹǡѺ3Ƿ١˹еСõѴԹִԴʶҹѡѺиҹҸԺѰز.
ʧѺȢͧѿҹʶҹ͡ôŹ鹢ͧ͡СͧOsama LaudenɰǡѺش·ʹѺʹعҹŧ.
繵ʧá͡¡ҧäͧӹѡҹѰդѺԴͺиҹҸԺµç㹻
иҹҸԺշ蹤ҵзҧԹѺáзӢͧ2001ѧ˭(ɔçҧѰԡ)Ǩͺѧ÷ѺҧҾᾷͷѰԡҤСѡѧ÷ѧ١ʧҡá͡.
ͺͧѵʵǡѺ÷ӹ·ѧشѧպѹ. ѡͧԡѹӹ㹻ѨغѹѺԹ͡ʹҧͧ.
ʶҷԡӹ͡äͺš.
ҧ»1989ͤǾѹ١ѡͧѰջеŴҸԤ.
ٴǡѺѧͧʶtop-layersͧѰ'ٹҧӹѡ'271˹ҨMarrs.
ǡѺͧ¨ӹǹҡҶ֧Ѵ㹷ºز. ͤ;ѧྐྵҡѺFBIоѧѺٻҧҺҧشͧS.SD.
ҩѹͤѧѹѹоٴҨзͧǡѺҧѹҷԵþѡ1ѹдѺҵԷѹ.
ͻѵʵա仹͡÷ӹ. ѹͷ䫵١. ѵʵͧš仡èҧ١ҴҾ˹ѧͧ͢Դ⻧ҡҺŹҶ֧鹵ѹҡǤͤͧ͢.
ӹҨشФͷͧѰԡʹҤʵԡѹҷԤҨشһȢͧջûѺ餹ͧ.
ԭԺСþѲҢͧѧ2ѹҹҨش٧شͧǡСá˹ͧѰԡҷö١ͺѭѵԡûѵö١ԴҵлٷشŧȾ.
šѧҨѺ㹰ҹɡͺ¡¤͵ѹʶҷԡ
ѹthatǡ.
觷˵ءóѹҧ˹觷м١Դѧ2ѹҹШеҡʧǡҧǢͧ ҧҧ ͧҧʹ.
ԴѹҾдѺҧѹ͡Ф˵ءóѹ?
ѹллҨС㹰ҹҧ÷Ѵͧ٫?
ѹͧͧٷ¢ͧиҹҸԺդԹѹӢ͵ŧѹҾشǡ¡ͧáѹллҨ칾II.
Һ͡AlbrightչѰҡáзǧҹҨз
ҨзӶҡ㹰ҹСͧѾ¾ѧͧ˻ЪҪҵ÷Ѵͧ٫.
Ф͡ѧҧ͡ͻиҹҸԺպتмѧҡ?
ѹռ餹ʶҹ٧蹾ǡҨзҡѧ͢ҡäҧеҧѺǡѹѹ.
ҨԵ㨢ͧǡҾǡҷӧҹ˹ҷ١Ҵ㹡÷ӹǷҧͧǡҨзԴѧ.
ѹѧSFöšǡѺʶҹҾͧǡѹѹѹ㹤˹.
蹹м˭ԧѹҨʹͤӶҧҧ:
سͤ㨨شáѧûйջйسԴس¹Ҩзӡѧ١Ӷ֧ҫ͢¡ѺöѧʹѺʹعĵԡسͤس سͤ㨨شФس价ҧҡФسþٴҧѴਹͶ?
شʧҧǡѺѵʵ䫵㨷سѹӷǹͧ͢š. سɰҹеѡûǹ? س§ͶѡѹТͧس.
ҷسŧóҧͧͧͧ͡سҩѹѧͺäءѧ١Ƿ躹鹰ҹ˵ءóѨغѹͤԷ.
աҶѹسͧҧҷӹµ1800çҧѧشҨФҡѺǡҤ.
ʶҷԡҨ觼šзͧamerican. ԡѹ鹹ҨзçҧҾǡҶ١ѹ͡عç.
ҷҷӡ÷ӹҹ躹鹰ҹ÷ӹ¢ͧԴ⻧13
ԡҢͧ-ͻӹҨʶҷԡѧ١餹ǹ˭͢ҧǧ.
վѹԵ÷˭1ѹҧʶҷԡѰԡաôŢͧʶѴҹ. 2ҹФ;ѧӹҨ٧ش. ѡԵ͵ҧʹҨФ͡ѧšѹ3з繡餹. ǡҨЪѡ٧ǹͧ͢šӷ㨢ͧǡ. ѧǧҢͧûѵشͧѵʵš.
ӹǹҡͧѵʵǶ١ҡԨóSDA Ԩó Verse-by-VerseԴ⻧ .