Teachinghearts	The Wonderful Creation "Explore Science. Meet your Creator"	Statistics: Time: 400 minutes Print: 80 pages

Solar System	Atmosphere	The Weather
General Science	Camouflage	The Human Body
Nutrition	Water	Drugs and Alcohol

We will explore science from God's point of view. Beginning with nothing, each day of creation God created the next building block needed to make the rest of the universe.
On the first three days He created the containers needed to hold the systems. On the next three days He filled these places with life. On the final day, He started the social environment of love and community with a party.

1. Electromagnetism, physics and chemistry. God made light, atoms and molecules in our corner of the universe.
2. Space, earth and water. God created the three basic environments.
3. Geology and Botany. God separated the different environments and made the food supply.
4. Astronomy. God filled the sky.
5. Zoology (Fish and Birds). God filled the oceans and skies with life.
6. Biology (land animals and humans). God filled the land with life.
7. Spiritual, social and psychological foundations. God had a party to celebrate.

Science and Technology
Science has a way of finding what might be truth in the physical universe. This is called the scientific method. With every discovery made by one scientist, other scientists must be able to do the following:

1. Duplicate the experiment
2. Make a guess about what should happen if they change the experiment.

Evolution
The fact is, evolution is based upon an interpretation of some observations. However, the quality of specimens observed are few and in poor condition and the evidence on which they base their conclusions are subject to many other interpretations.
For example, the difference in skeleton size of related animals is taken as proof of evolution. However, the same evidence could be used to show that they are just relatives (like different types of cats) or that they are built according to the same design.
Evolution requires millions of years for the theories to work.
Because they can make correct guesses about the unknown, such as the existence of objects in space, it is not proof that the theory of evolution works - it is proof that the physical laws of the universe are stable. Creationism does not discount physical laws, in fact YHWH is a God of law and order. Creation only disputes some of the meanings, theories and conclusions scientists place on what they observe especially when they try to extrapolate back to the past to say when and how the object was formed and how it behaved.
For example, if you go to a new planet one can expect to find a force called gravity because the planet has mass. Confirming the existence of gravity does not prove how or when the planet was formed, it proves that the theory of gravity is reliable.

Creation
How God created the world. Creationists and evolutionists believe different things about how the universe started. Evolutionists rely on the scientific method. Creationists claim that the scientific method is not good enough. It cannot measure the past accurately and it cannot measure some things that we cannot see. And God is so great, we cannot even think of a way to measure Him.
As we look at the wonderful things God created, I will try to point out facts that point to a creator.

Proof

This symbol will appear whenever we want to suggest an argument in favor of creation.

With each system or creature that God created, we will offer some basic arguments for you to think about as "proof" that they did not evolve over billions of years. Our proofs are based on the following:

• Designer. The complexity and other coincidences related to the item indicated that a designer must have planned it.
• Time. Many critical processes and all biological systems require a very short development time for success, but evolution requires a long time.
• Impossibility. There is no chance that the event would occur.
• Scientific Observations. The process was observed in nature or in the laboratory and it totally contradicts the theory of evolution.
• Scientific Experiments. A theory or discovery was tested in the laboratory and it contradicts the theory of evolution.

The Plan of Salvation
Before the world was created, God also designed a Plan of Salvation to recreate us and bring peace between earth and heaven when man sinned. This plan was encoded in the design of the creation and follows rules and laws just like any fundamental principles of science.

The Foundations of the Universe

Creation Day 1 (Sunday)

In the beginning there was nothing in our region of the universe but darkness. Then God spoke and the power of His voice produced electromagnetic waves that were the basis of all created things. When He spoke there was light.

Physics: Explore a Tiny Universe

Physics

The study of the atoms and the basic laws of the universe that govern the relationship between different particles or bodies with mass.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Nonionizing Radiation											Ionizing Radiation
Long wavelength				Red	Orange	Yellow	Green	Blue	Indigo	Violet	Short wavelength
100km - 1mm	30cm-1mm	750-1mm		680	660	580	570	460	430	410	400 - 10		10 - .003	<0.003
Radio waves	Microwave	Infrared		Visible Light (400-700 nanometers)							Ultraviolet		X-Ray	Gamma
Ears (sound)	Skin (heat)			Eyes (light, colors)								Invisible
Radio phone TV	Oven	Camera		Television, camera							Medical, military equipment
None	COBE	Spitzer	Hubble Space Telescope (HST)									GALEX	Chandra	CGRO
Speed of Light. 186,287 miles / second (299,792 km) Speed of Sound in Air. 761 miles per hour (330 meters per second). Mach Number: Measures the shock wave generated by an object in relation to the speed of sound Mach 1 is the speed of sound.										Subsonic: < Mach 1 Transonic: 1 (Speed of sound) Supersonic: > Mach 1 Hypersonic: > Mach 5
Light Year. The distance that light travels in one year (5,878,625,373,183.61 miles) 9,460,730,472,580.8 Km. It takes 499 seconds for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth. 1 MHz (megahertz) = 300 meters. 1GHz (gigahertz) = 30 centimeters.
Physicist. Studies physics							Artist. Paints, sculpts, draws objects of beauty
Snooperscope. Instrument for viewing infrared radiation							Sonograph. Records and analyses sound

Electromagnetic waves are the basis of all matter. Depending on the wave length, it can either be seen, felt, heard or is totally invisible to the human senses. Long waves (like radio waves) have low energy and are very harmless. God created ears so that we could recognize them. Human beings have also created other equipment that can decode these waves.
The shortest, higher energy waves are gamma rays. They are harmful and the ozone layer helps to keep them from striking the earth.

Space Observatories

NASA's Four Great Space Observatories # Telescope Spectrum 1 Hubble Space Telescope HST Visible, UV, infrared 2 Compton Gamma Ray Telescope CGRO Gamma rays 3 Chandra X-ray Observatory CXO X-rays 4 Spitzer Space Telescope SST SIRTF Infrared A series of four space observatories designed to conduct astronomical studies over many different wavelengths (visible, gamma rays, X-rays, and infrared). Telescope Measures European Space Agency (ESA) Systems International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) X-Ray, Gamma Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission UV, X-Ray, Gamma X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton) X-Ray Other Observatories and Satellites Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) Ultraviolet IMAGE Solar wind Wilkenson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Temperature fluctuations in the microwave background Gamma Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) Dark matter, black holes, neutron star Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) Solar storms

Humans have used the electromagnetic spectrum to invent all sorts of wireless communications applications. We send and receive information with signals using frequencies that cannot be interpreted by the eyes and ears. But the receivers can interpret these signals and convert them to frequencies that the human eye and ear can interpret.

Radio Waves. Radio waves are not as harmful to humans as other parts of the spectrum, but they have certain properties that make them ideal for transmitting information.

• Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) (30 Hz - 300 Hz).
• Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) (300 Hz - 3000 Hz).
• Very Low Frequency (VLF) (3 KHz - 30 KHz).
• Low Frequency (LF) (30 KHz - 300 KHz).
• Medium Frequency (MF) (300 KHz - 3 MHz).
• Medium Wave (500 KHz - 3 MHz). Travel for hundreds of miles and are perfect for AM radio.
• Short Wave (3 MHz - 30 MHz). Travel for thousands of miles, are reflected back from the ionosphere and are perfect for international radio stations.
• Very High Frequency Wave (VHF) (30 MHz - 300 MHz). Travel short distances.
  Ultra High Frequency Wave (UHF) (300 MHz - 900 MHz). Travel short distances.
  Both these frequencies are perfect for local communications used for FM radio and television stations. This ensures that frequencies can be reused by the same network in different areas without interference, while providing programming for the local audience.
• Super High Frequency Wave (SHF) (3000 MHz - 30000 MHz). Used for satellite communications. They are not impeded by the earth's ionosphere but travel along a line of sight and are affected by the weather.

Consumer Appliances. Engineers have divided up the frequencies of the radio wave and microwave spectrum into different channels for sending and receiving signals in consumer applications. They operate like one way private roads. A broadcaster can send signals to a receiver along this private electromagnetic highway on one channel (lane) and receive signals along another channel. The receiver translates the signals to pictures, sound, text or instructions. e.g. radio, television, phone, garage door opener.

Law and Order. We explored the application of the radio spectrum to demonstrate the creative power of law and order and organization. Marconi harnessed the potential of these waves when he realized that he could use them to transmit language. But if standards were not set about the use of these frequencies there would be interference and chaos and we could not have proceeded as far as we have done in making consumer applications that improve our daily lives. It took a leap in thinking to realize that one can harness the power of electromagnetic waves and it took rules to make them work better.
In the same way God set strict standards of behavior between human beings, without these there would be chaos and mistrust. The laws of God do not take away our freedoms. The laws of God create an environment where we can make great leaps forward to make our lives much more happy and convenient. With these we can advance to a greater potential that is beyond our imagination. So if we embrace the basics of honesty, generosity, respect, contentment and faithfulness we can discover powers from God that we never thought were possible.
So love can change things. Hope can see a future. Faith can also move mountains.

Atoms. One of the smallest items in the universe is an atom. Over 100 atoms have been discovered and the smallest of these is hydrogen.
An atom is made up of a nucleus in the center, inside the nucleus are protons and neutrons. Circling the nucleus in orbit is the electron. The electron has a negative charge, the proton is positive and the neutron has no charge.

Light. Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic waves. These are made by photons. Photons are released when electrons move from one orbit to another.

Color. White light from the sun is made up of many colors. Seeing these colors depends on what the object does to the light that reaches it. The color of the object we see is the color of the light it reflects because the eye recognizes the primary colors of light. We see color by two methods:

• Subtraction. The object absorbs some color or subtracts it from the light and reflects the other colors that we see. This is how color pigments like paint and crayon work. Cyan absorbs red. Yellow absorbs blue. Magenta absorbs green.
• Addition. Color is created by adding the different colors of light. All other colors are absorbed. The combination of all colors is white because no light is absorbed. When all light is absorbed the color we see is black. Black objects should also be hotter because when they absorb light they are absorbing energy.

Primary Colors. In all color schemes it takes three primary colors to make all colors. But primary colors cannot be formed by mixing other colors. How color is made depends on the color system or whether we are using pigments or light.

• Light (Additive Color)
  Red, green and blue are the primary colors of light. Mixing any two or more colors gives a brighter color or more light. Red and blue make magenta (light purple). Green and red make yellow. Green and blue make cyan (light blue). White is the combination of all colors of light. Black is the absence of all light.
  
  

  Red Yellow Green Cyan Blue Magenta Red White

• Pigments (Subtractive Color)
  Red, blue and yellow are the three classic primary colors. They are used to make secondary colors. Red and yellow make orange. Blue and yellow make green. Red and blue make purple. White is the combination of all colors. Black is the absence of all colors.

  Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Purple Red White

• Paints, inks, dyes (Subtractive Color)
  Cyan, magenta and yellow are the three primary colors. Cyan and magenta make blue. Cyan and yellow make green. Magenta and yellow make red.

  Yellow Green Cyan Blue Magenta Red Yellow Black

The additive and subtractive color systems are related. Two primary colors from one system creates a primary color in the other system. This is the combination of both.

White Yellow Green Cyan Blue Magenta Red Yellow Green Black

Color Wheel. An arrangement of colors in a circle.

Red Yellow Green Cyan Blue Magenta

Complementary Color. Colors directly opposite each other on the color wheel.
Mixing two different complementary colors of light gives white light. If a color is absorbed, what your eye will see is the complementary color, which will be a mixture of all the light that is not absorbed.

Prism. A prism is a three dimensional glass pyramid that separates white light into its component colors to form a rainbow. White light enters the prism and each color bends at a different angle, separating the colors. Different objects bend light at a different angle. So when light travels from air through glass or water the light exits at a different angle.
Rainbow. A rainbow is caused when white light is broken up into its component colors as it passes from the air through water droplets which act like a prism. The classic colors of the rainbow are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.

White Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet Black

See how the eye processes color and the problems that result in color deficiency.

Imagine

Our visible light is a fairly narrow frequency band. Suppose God and the angels have the ability to operate at other frequencies so that we can not see them. God said that He has to separate Himself from us physically because close contact would destroy us. Do you suppose God normally operates above the gamma ray frequencies? Suppose He can change frequencies at will so that He can be visible and invisible as He chooses?

What do you think?

Since God created the sun, moon and stars on the fourth day, the light that he made on the first day may have been caused by photons. But since God is a source of light, his presence may have caused the light. However, the universe is bathed in at least two other kinds of energy and it has a microwave background radiation. Are these or the microwave radiation the source of light on the first day? If so, then we have lost the ability to detect this energy with our eyes. God made us partially blind.

Did you know that God used the science of color combination to illustrate the Plan of Salvation? He will take us from darkness to light through the Word. The Word He spoke to implement the plan was Jesus Christ. He was also the One Who created the world and He will recreate it again.

Atom Cell Solar System Galaxy Family System Center Orbit Force Atom Nucleus Electrons Strong Cell Nucleus Organelles Electromagnetic Solar System Star Planets Gravity Galaxy Nucleus Solar system Gravity Family Mother and Father Children Love Life God Creation Love Designer The fact that solar systems, galaxies and cells follow this structure points to a designer. Each has a central core which is encircled by other bodies in orbit. You would not expect such order from random events.

Forces of Attraction
Different types of forces are used to hold different systems together:

1. Strong force. Also called the nuclear force, it holds the nucleus of an atom together against the strong forces of repulsion from the protons.
2. Weak force. The weak force holds protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
3. Electromagnetic force. Holds several atoms together when they create a molecule.
4. Gravity. Is the weakest force. It holds large objects together. It keeps the planets in orbit and it keeps you from flying off the earth.
5. Love. Holds people and intelligent life together. It is the character that is most like Him that God is trying to teach us.
   The Bible simply says that "God is Love".

Electricity
Electricity is produced when the atoms produce a flow of electrons in one direction.

Magnets
A magnetic force is created in another direction when an electrical force is turned on.

Chemistry: Atoms and Molecules

Chemistry

The process of combining atoms to form new solids, liquids and gases.

One of the most important things in chemistry is the periodic table of elements. It helps us to know how the elements will react.
Two or more atoms form a molecule. Knowing how these will react is the study of Chemistry.

Designer

Stereochemistry. Did you know that complex molecules can have a mirror image twin. They look the same and react the same in simple experiments. Yet the body is able to recognize them because they are oriented in the wrong direction. It is like trying to put a left handed glove on the right hand. The body uses the left handed versions while laboratory chemical reaction always produces the right handed version. When we die, these chemicals change to the right hand versions.

So how did random chemical reactions in nature consistently produce thousands of impossible compounds needed for life?

Biological systems are made from very complicated chemical reactions involving millions of chemicals and large molecules with many atoms. These systems are so complex and specific that a malfunction of any one chemical in millions can damage the creature.
The most important molecule is water. It is made from two hydrogen and one oxygen atom (H₂O).
Some rare elements are expensive (gold (Au), silver (Ag), Copper (Cu) and Platinum (Pt)). They are used to make jewelry and coins.
Other elements like Uranium (U) are precious because they are needed for nuclear weapons.

Atoms and Molecules
Periodic Law: When elements (atoms) are arranged in order of increasing atomic weight their properties are repeated periodically.
The periodic table is divided into 7 rows called "periods" and 18 columns called "groups or families".

-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
-	1A	2A	3B	4B	5B	6B	7B	8B			1B	2B	3A	4A	5A	6A	7A	8A
-	+1	+2	+3	+(2-4)	+(2-5)	+(2-6)	+(2-7)	+2 or +3			+(1-2)	+2	+3	±4	-3	-2	-1	0
-	S Block		D Block (Transition Elements)										P Block
1	1 H 1.008	The Periodic Table of Elements																2 He 4.003
2	3 Li 6.941	4 Be 9.012	Key 1 Atomic number. Number of protons or electrons H Symbol for the element. This is Hydrogen. 1.008 Atomic weight.										5 B 10.81	6 C 12.01	7 N 14.01	8 O 16.00	9 F 19.00	10 Ne 20.18
3	11 Na 22.99	12 Mg 24.31											13 Al 26.98	14 Si 28.09	15 P 30.97	16 S 32.06	17 Cl 35.45	18 Ar 39.95
4	19 K 39.10	20 Ca 40.08	21 Sc 44.96	22 Ti 47.88	23 V 50.94	24 Cr 52.00	25 Mn 54.94	26 Fe 55.85	27 Co 58.93	28 Ni 58.70	29 Cu 63.55	30 Zn 65.38	31 Ga 69.72	32 Ge 72.59	33 As 74.92	34 Se 78.96	35 Br 79.90	36 Kr 83.80
5	37 Rb 85.47	38 Sr 87.62	39 Y 88.91	40 Zr 91.22	41 Nb 92.91	42 Mo 95.94	43 Tc 97.90	44 Ru 101.1	45 Rh 102.9	46 Pd 106.4	47 Ag 107.9	48 Cd 112.4	49 In 114.8	50 Sn 118.7	51 Sb 121.8	52 Te 127.6	53 I 126.9	54 Xe 131.3
6	55 Cs 132.9	56 Ba 137.3	57 La 138.9	72 Hf 178.5	73 Ta 180.9	74 W 183.9	75 Re 186.2	76 Os 190.2	77 Ir 192.2	78 Pt 195.1	79 Au 197.0	80 Hg 200.6	81 Tl 204.4	82 Pb 207.2	83 Bi 209.0	84 Po 209	85 At 210	86 Rn 222
7	87 Fr 223	88 Ra 226	89 Ac 227	104 Rf 261	105 Db 262	106 Sg 263	107 Bh 262	108 Hs 265	109 Mt 266	110 Ds 269	111 Rg 272	112 Uub 277	113 Uut 284	114 Uuq 289	115 Uup 288	116 Uuh 292	117 Uus	118 Uuo 293
6	Lanthanide		57 La 138.9	58 Ce 140.1	59 Pr 140.9	60 Nd 144.2	61 Pm 145	62 Sm 150.4	63 Eu 152.0	64 Gd 157.3	65 Tb 158.9	66 Dy 162.5	67 Ho 164.9	68 Er 167.3	69 Tm 168.9	70 Yb 173.0	71 Lu 175.0	F Block
7	Actinide		89 Ac 227	90 Th 232	91 Pa 231	92 U 238	93 Np 237	94 Pu 244	95 Am 243	96 Cm 247	97 Bk 247	98 Cf 251	99 Es 252	100 Fm 257	101 Md 258	102 No 259	103 Lr 262
Color Key			Box		Metals			Metalloid		Non-Metals			Lanthanide			Actinide
			Text		Solid					Gas	Liquid		Life Elements			Precious Metals
Metals Alkali Metals React readily with non-metals Alkaline Earth Alkaline Transitional Less reactive and rare earth metals » Lanthanide Rare earth. Form magnetic alloys » Actinide Rare earth, radioactive, dense metals Non-Metals Noble Gas The noble gases are relatively inert Halogens Reactive nonmetals which have seven valence electrons Non-Metals Many are gases and liquids Metalloids Semi metals with characteristics of metals and non-metals Metals: They are located on the left side of the table. They are solids at room temperature (except mercury). Non-Metals: The nonmetals are located on the upper right side of the periodic table Transition Elements: These are defined as those that have partially filled "d" orbitals either in the element or any of its compounds. These partially filled "d" orbitals are responsible for the color generating property of the transition elements. Rare Earth Elements (Metals). They are special transition metals. Life Elements. These are necessary for living systems and have important cycles to replenish them.
Groups or Families. Columns of elements that are related by the number of valence electrons in their outer shell. Group Outer Shell Characteristic Shell Orbit Electrons Block S 1 2 2 Metal P 3 6 8 Non-metal D 5 10 18 Transition F 7 14 32 Rare earth G 9 18 50 Theoretical A shell has a fixed number of orbits, each has two electrons. Shells fill in this order (2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32):   1S   2S   2P 3S   3P 4S   3D 4P 5S   4D 5P 6S 4F 5D 6P 7S 5F 6D 7P   1s2 2s2, 2p6 3s2, 3p6 4s2, 3d10, 4p6 5s2, 4d10, 5p6 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p6 7s2, 5f14, 6d10, 7p6 S 1A +1 s1 Alkali metals give up one electron 2A +2 s2 Alkaline earth metals D 3B-2B Transition metals with valence electrons in two shells instead of one » 3B +3 4s23d1 Scandium » 4B +2-4 4s23d2 Titanium » 5B +2-5 4s23d3 Vanadium » 6B +2-6 4s13d5 Chromium » 7B +2-7 4s23d5 Manganese » 8B +2-3 4s23d6-8 Iron (4s23d6), cobalt (4s23d7), nickel (4s23d8) » 1B +1-2 3d104s1 Copper. This is the coinage metals group » 2B +2 3d104s2 Zinc P 3A +3 s2p1 The Boron group, earth metals, whistogens 4A ±4 s2p2 The Carbon group are the least reactive. They share 4 electrons 5A -3 s2p3 The Nitrogen Group, Pnicogens or pnictogens. Phosphorous makes fertilizer, bones 6A -2 s2p4 Chalcogens. The acid formers 7A -1 s2p5 Halogens. They are salt formers that take one electron 8A 0 s2p6 Noble gases. Their valence shells are full. Helium has 2, the rest 8 F Lanthanides 6s24f145d10 Very reactive metals that fill the 4f orbital Actinides 7s25f146d10 Very reactive metals that fill the 5f orbital G 8s25g186f147d10 Element 121-138. These have never been synthesized and may be too unstable Periods. These are the seven rows. They have the same number of electron shells. Electrons. The number of electrons orbit the nucleus are equal to the atomic number. Shell. The electrons orbit singly or in pairs in different levels called shells. They are named by a series of four letters, "S", "P", "D", and "F". By looking at the periodic table you can tell which type of orbit is probably in the outermost valence shell. Metals are in the "S" block, transition metals are in the "D" block, non-metals are in the "P" block and the rare earth elements are in the "F" block. These shells are filled according to rules. Electrons fill orbits of lower energy first. Pauli Exclusion Principle. Two electrons in the same orbit must have opposite spins. Hund's Rule. Electrons fill empty orbits before pairing up. Octet Rule. Atoms become especially stable when their valence shells are full. They tend to want 8 electrons in their outer shell and they will gain, share or lose electrons to complete this octet. Those with less than 4 lose their electrons, those with 4 share electrons and those greater than 4 tend to gain electrons to complete the octet. Valence Shell. The outermost "s" and "p" orbit shells of an atom or the "d" shells in transition metals. It determines how atoms behave in a reaction. Here, electrons are gained, shared or lost to form chemical bonds because the elements are trying to achieve a status in which their shells are complete. Elements with the same number of valence electrons have the same properties. Each element has a number of valence electrons equal to its group number. Transition Elements. The transition metals are the only elements that fill the "d" orbitals. They have the same arrangement of outer electrons, but the lower "3d" orbitals are different. The ten "3d" orbitals are filled before the lower "s" orbital.
Gold Standards: 24 carat (karat) gold is 99.99% pure gold. 22 carat gold is 91.6% pure gold. 12 carat is 50% gold.
Silver Standards: Fine silver is 99.9% silver. Britannia (95.84% silver and 4.16% copper). Mexican (95% silver and 5% copper). Sterling (92.5% silver and 7.5% copper). Coin silver (90% silver and 10% copper).
Other precious metals: Platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium. Radioactive : Plutonium, uranium.
Metal Alloys: Mixture of metals that increases their hardness and durability. Brass is a mixture of copper and Zinc. Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin. Iron. There are three basic grades of iron with varying degrees of brittleness and hardness.   • Pig Iron. Hard, brittle, raw iron with about 3.5% carbon made by melting iron ore with limestone and coke.     Iron (90% or more), carbon (4-5%), manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon (roughly 3% in total).   • Wrought Iron. This is a softer, pure iron with about 0.15% carbon and some impurities.   • Cast Iron. Purified pig iron. 95% iron, 2.1-4% carbon and 1-3% silicon. Steel is a mixture of iron and up to 5.1% carbon. Stainless steel also includes chromium and nickel.
Chemist. Creates or applies chemicals for treating various systems such as drinking water, manufacturing. Forensic Chemist. Crime scene investigation by analyzing chemical compounds. Pharmacist. Dispenses drugs for health care. Pyrotechnics. The science and art of making fireworks.

Temperature is generated by the movement of atoms. Absolute Zero (0ºK) (-459.67ºF and -273.15ºC) is the temperature when no molecular activity occurs and the volume of the "perfect gas" vanishes.

Experiment

Bake a cake. The air bubbles that are released when the baking powder reacts with the flour causes the cake to rise. Cooking is chemistry.

Color
Color can be caused by many different interactions of light or heat with different elements. Metal ions, oxides, sulfides, halides and chlorides of metals and organic compounds are used as coloring agents. Metal oxides are generally used in glass and metal chlorides in fireworks.
The transition metals tend to be coloring elements because the electrons in their outer "d" orbit absorb light to move from one orbit to another.

• Idiochromatic ("Self-colored"). The chemical composition of the material.
• Allochromatic ("Other-colored"). Impurities, defects or substition of an element.
• Pseudochromatic ("False color"). Color is caused by the crystal structure. e.g. Water or trapped air can act like a prism.
• Conjugated Bonds. Large molecules, especially of carbon rings joined with nitrogen and oxygen, share electrons in single and double bonds. These shared electrons are more sensitive to light. e.g. Organic dyes, pigments, most plant and animal colors, chlorophyl, blood, lapis lazuli, fabric brighteners, fireflies.
  Metalo-Organic Compounds. Three very important compounds are used to transport oxygen in various living systems. The colors of these compounds are associated with the metal they contain.
  • Hemoglobin (Fe). Transports oxygens in animals. It is bright red when it carries oxygen and dark red when it is not.
    » Myoglobin (Fe). Stores oxygen in muscle, not transports it. Has red or dark grey color.
    » Hemerythrin (Fe-O-Fe). Oxygen transport in sipunculids, brachiopods, priapulids and annelids. It gives a pink or violet color when oxygenated and clear when it is not.
    » Leghemoglobin (Fe). Binds oxygen to protect nitrogen fixing bacteria in the roots of legumes.
  • Hemocyanin (Cu). The second most common oxygen transporting protein found in nature. It is in the blood of arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans) and molluscs. It is pale yellow when not combined with oxygen, and blue when combined with oxygen.
  • Chlorophyll (Mg). A green compound involved in the process of photosynthesis.
  • Vanabins (V). In the blood of sea squirts may be the oxygen carriers.
  • Pinnaglobin (Mn). Brown color. Only seen in the mollusk Pinna squamosa.

Color	Crystals		Glass	Fireworks	Artificial Organic	Natural Organic
Red	Cr3+, Mn3+, Mn2+	Cd	Au, Cu, Se	Sr, Li	C20H6I4Na2O5H20 Erythrosine (Red 3)	Lycopene (C40H56) Betalains (beets)
Pink	Mn2+, Ti4+	Mn, Li	Se, Co + borosilicates	-
Pink-Orange	-	Mn	-	-	C18H14N2Na2O8S2 Allura Red (Red 40)	C2952H4664N812O832S8Fe4 Hemoglobin Phaeomelanin
Reddish Brown	Fe2+, Co2+	-	-	-
Brown	Fe2+, Ce3+ Pr3+ Nd3+	V, Fe	Carbon oxides, Iron oxides, S	-	C17H18N4Na2O9S2 (Brown 3)	Tannin (C76H52O46) Melanin, Eumelanin
Orange	Fe3+, Ce3+ Pr3+ Nd3+	Cd	Se	Ca	C16H10N2O7S2Na2 Acid orange (Orange G)	Carotene (C40H56) Crocine (C44H64O24) saffron
Amber	Fe3+	-	Carbon oxides, Fe, S	-	C16H9N4 Na3O9S2 Tartrazine (Yellow 5)	Lipofuscin (C42H58NO)
Gold	-	-	-	Fe, C	C18H9N Na2O8S2 Quinoline (Yellow 13)	Lutein (C40H56O2)
Yellow	Fe3+,Fe2+,Ni2+, UO22+	N,V,Cd,As	Se, Pb + Sb	Na
Yellow Green	Mn2+	Zn, Ni, Cd	Uranium	-	C37H34N2O10S3Na2 Fast Green FCF (Green 3)	C55H72O5N4Mg Chlorophyll
Green	Cr3+, Mn3+, V3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Fe2+	Cd, Li, Be	Cu, Iron oxide, Co + iodides	Cu, Ba
Forest Green		-	Cr, Fe	-	C27H25N2NaO7S2 Food Green S (Green 4)
Olive Green	Ti4+	-	-	-
Blue	Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, VO2+, Ti3+		Cu	-	C37H34N2Na2O9S3 Brilliant Blue (Blue 1)	Hemocyanin
Blue	U4+, Co2+	Cu, Ti, Be	Copper oxide	Cu
Dark Blue	-	S	Cobalt oxide	-	C16H10N2O2 Indigo Blue	Anthocyanins (C15H8O6-sugar) (cyanidin)
Purple	Fe3+	Fe	Mn oxide	K, Sr+Cu	-	Anthocyanins (C15H9O6-sugar) (cyanidin)
Silver	-	-	-	Al, Mg, Ti	-
Black	-	Iron oxide	Mn + Co + Fe	-	C28H17N5Na4O14S4	Hemerythrin
White	-	Titanium	Sb, Sn	Mg, Al, Ba	TiO2
Isomers (Twins). Carotene and lycopene have the same chemical formula, but a different structure. Stereoisomers (Chemical Identical Twins). Same formula and structure but mirror images						Plant Source. Animal Source

Autumn Leaves.

	Chlorophyll
	Anthocyanin
	Anthocyanins + Carotenoids
	Carotenoids
	Tannin

The colors of autumn leaves are due to changing concentrations of many chemicals. Decreasing light levels in autumn causes chlorophyll production to slow and other pigments emerge in this order as the green color fades.

Chlorophyll. It gives a green color and masks all other pigment colors.
Anthocyanin. Sugar concentration increases and anthocyanin production increases, giving the leaves a pink, red, blue or purple color.
Carotenoids. Carotenoids and xanthophyll give the leaves a yellow color and a mixture of carotenoids and anthocyanin gives an orange color.
Tannins. They give a brown color. When the major pigments are absent other chemicals affect leaf color.

Iris	Pink	Violet		Grey	Blue		Green	Amber	Hazel		Brown	Black
Front	No Pigment					Lipofuscin				Melanin
Back	Blood		No Pigment			Melanin

Eye Color. Eye color is a complex interaction of at least two genes and the concentration of pigments on the front and back surface of the iris and the natural grey color of the iris and the size and spacing of the fibers in the eye. Genes also create the flecks, specks and rings that dot the eyes.
Melanin, a brown pigment which is controlled by the brown-blue gene on chromosome 15 and the green-blue gene on chromosome 19, is mainly responsible for the range in eye color.
Lipofuscin, a yellow pigment produced by aging, is responsible for green and amber eyes. The natural color of the iris and the blood vessels at the back of the eye also contribute to the color.

• Grey. No melanin, the natural color of the iris tissue.
• Violet and Pink. No melanin, the natural color of the iris tissue and the red blood vessels.
• Blue. Little lipofuscin and little to no melanin.
• Green. Some melanin and a lot of lipofuscin.
• Amber. High concentration of lipofuscin.
• Hazel. A mixture of pigments in several parts of the eye.
• Brown. High concentration of melanin.
• Dark Brown - Black. Highest concentration of melanin, probably on both surfaces of the iris.

Hair and Skin Color. Human skin color is due to melanin, but hair color is due to Eumelanin for black and brown colors and Phaeomelanin for red and yellow colors. The low concentration or absence of either pigment causes gray or white hair.
Birds. Feather color is due to the structure of the feathers and the pigments. There are four types of pigments:

• Melanin. (Brown, black, gray, yellows).
• Porphyrins. A rare pigment creates green.
• Psittacins. (Red, orange, yellow).
• Carotenoids. (Red, orange, yellow).
  Flamingos are born white, but the carotenoids in their diet of algae and small fish gives them the pink color.

Fish. Color is achieved by the pigment cells and how many layers of skin in which they occur. These four chromatophores are melanin (black), xanthin (yellow), lipochrome (orange), and erythrin (red).

Imagine

Will our skin, hair and eye color change with our emotions or at our will?

Air, Land and Water

Creation Day 2 (Monday)

On the second day God separated the land and the sky from the water, creating the sky, the sea and the earth.

Layer	Details	Deep space
Exosphere	New Jerusalem 1500 miles (2400)
	1000 miles (1600)
	800 miles (1286)
Ionosphere	400 miles (643 Km)
	380 miles (610 Km) Hubble Telescope
	200 miles (320 Km) Space station
	Aurora Borealis Space shuttle 150 miles (241 Km)
Thermosphere	60 miles (97 Km)
Mesosphere	50 miles (80 Km)
Stratosphere	31 miles (50 Km)
	Ozone layer
Tropopause
Troposphere	11 miles (18 km)
	Weather, clouds
	People
Earth
Lithosphere (Crust)	Surface to 200 m	Euphotic sea
	200 m to 1500 m	Bathyal zone
	1500 m to floor	Abyssal zone
Asthenosphere	200-300 km	Mantle
Mesosphere	650-2890 km	Mantle
Core	2890-6370 km	Iron
Astronaut. Travels to outer space. Pilot. Operates an airplane.
Altimeter. Measures altitude (height).

Atmosphere
The air is made up of several layers.

1. Exosphere. Above 800 miles (1286 km). Geostationary satellites orbit Earth at 22,264 miles (35,790 km).
2. Ionosphere. Any level above 20 miles (32 km) in which there are charged particles. It is in the mesosphere and thermosphere.
   • Aurora. The Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) occurs here because of the charged particles in the Ionosphere.
   • Space Shuttle. The space shuttle files about 150 miles (241 km) above the earth.
   • Space Station. The space station is about 200 miles (322 km) up.
   • New Jerusalem. Contrast this to the city of the New Jerusalem which is 1500 miles high (2400 km). Some sources say 375 miles high (603 km). Whichever is correct it is a very big city that can reach far beyond the space station.
   The official orbit height for a vehicle is 328,000 feet (100 Km).
3. Thermosphere. 50 - 60 miles (80-97 km)
4. Mesosphere. 35 to 50 miles (56-80 km) is the coldest layer.
5. Stratosphere. From 10 to 35 miles (16-56 km). The ozone layer is in this zone between 9.5 to 12.5 miles (15 to 20 km). It protects us from ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
6. Troposphere. The lowest level extends 11 miles (18 km) in the air. All weather activities occur here.

Weather
Our weather is affected by the large amount of water exposed to the heat from the sun. Warm air rises and cold air falls, causing a cycle of flowing air. The combination of air mass, pressure, the flow of air, moisture from the oceans and lakes and ocean temperature creates our global weather patterns.

Air Mass. A block of air with the same temperature and moisture. The boundary of an air mass is called the "front". At the boundary of two fronts, the difference in the air causes the most severe weather as the molecules try to reach equilibrium.

• Polar Cells (Arctic Air Mass). Located between 60º and the pole. Cold air from the poles descends and releases rain as it heats up and rises near the arctic circle. It creates the polar easterlies.
• Ferrel Cells. It is located between 30º and 60º north and south latitude
• Hadley Cells. Hot air from the equator rises in the doldrums and descends at latitude 25-30º north and south. The northward flow deflects to the right, due to coriolis, and becomes a westerly flow in the upper layers.
  Coriolis Effect. The rotation of the earth causes wind and water motion to deflect to the right (clockwise) of the direction of motion in the north and to the left (counter clockwise) in the southern hemisphere.
• Doldrums. A region of stagnant air near the equator between 30º north and south.
• Wastrels. The region between the Hadley cells.

Air Flow. Winds are named by the direction from which they flow.

1. Jet Stream. A current of fast moving air flowing west to east found at 10-15 km (6-9 miles) in the upper levels of the atmosphere at a speed of 56-400 miles per hour. It separates a mass of cold air in the north from a warm air mass in the south.
   • Pineapple Express. A weather system originating in the Hawaiian tropics that brings rain to the west coast of the United States. The jet stream bends to the south over the Pacific Ocean picking up warm moist air which condenses and brings waves of rain to the Pacific Northwest.
   • Siberian Express. The polar jet steam turns south and brings cold arctic air to the southern part of the United States.
2. Trade Winds. These are the lower level winds from the Equatorial Hadley cells which blow from the east to the west. The rising warm air in the tropics creates a void that is filled by air coming from higher latitudes, causing the trade winds. As the trade winds cross over Africa, they form the disturbances that form hurricanes.
3. Westerlies. Winds that blow from the west to the east in the temperate region. They are caused by the trade winds which are reflected and turn toward the poles and loop back east.
4. Easterlies. Arctic polar air moves from the poles and creates turbulence in the air when it meets a warm front moving in the opposite direction. This exchange of heat releases rain, hail and other weather phenomenon.

	Region	Water	Air Flow	Air Mass
	Arctic	Ice	Easterlies	Polar
	Polar		Polar Jet	Ferrel
	35º-65º	Gulf Stream	Westerlies
	25º-35º		Subtropical jet	Hadley
	25º		Trade Winds NE
	Equator	Doldrums
	25º	Humboldt	Trade Winds SE	Hadley
	25º-35º	Ocean Conveyor Belt	Subtropical jet
	35º-65º		Westerlies	Ferrel
	Polar		Polar Jet
	Antarctic	Ice	Easterlies	Polar
Meteorologist. Predicts the weather	Barometer. Measures air pressure

Ocean Temperature
Ocean temperature affects the weather by bringing moisture and changing the temperature of the air.

1. Ocean Conveyor Belt (Thermohaline Circulation). This acts as the ocean's circulatory system and distributes tropical heat around the planet. This is a 1600 year cycle that imports warm surface water from the Pacific and sinks cold deep salt water from the Atlantic near Greenland. The North Atlantic and Southern Ocean give their cold deep waters and nutrients to the Pacific and the warm surface waters, driven by surface winds, sink to replace it.
   
2. Nordic Heat Pump (Atlantic Heat Conveyor). Heat moves from the Caribbean and the tropical South Atlantic to the North Atlantic along the Ocean Conveyor belt. Heat is pumped into the Nordic sea and gives Europe warm temperatures by a transfer of heat from the sea to the air.
   
3. Gulf Stream. Warm ocean current in the north Atlantic that flows north east from Cape Hatteras near Florida, to Newfoundland and then towards Britain. It brings warm air to northern Europe, a region of the earth that should normally be cool. Global warming is affecting the gulf stream. Warm air melts the polar ice caps and sends chunks of ice into the sea. This cools the water in the north and counteracts the warming effect of the gulf stream.
   
4. El Niño and La Niña. Periodically, major changes in the global weather pattern occur because of the changes in the temperature of the Pacific ocean surface water near the coast of Peru.
   Normally, cold air from the arctic and Antarctic circle converges at the equator off the coast of Peru and heads west towards Indonesia. If it is stalled by a high pressure system over Indonesia, the cold air stops flowing and water near Peru heats up. The opposite happens with La Niña. Changes in the Peru current (Humboldt current) creates the cyclical changes in weather pattern.
   • El Niño (the son). Warm water off the coast of Peru causes excess rain.
   • La Niña (the daughter). Cold off the coast of Peru causes drought conditions.

Clouds

Clouds
Location	Name	Appearance	Composition
High	Cirrus	White filaments	Ice crystals. (6,500-23,000 feet or 2,000-7,000 meters)
	Cirrocumulus	Small Ripples
	Cirrostratus	Transparent sheets
Medium	Altocumulus	White, layered ripples	Ice crystals and water droplets. (18,000-45,000 feet or 5,500-14,000 meters)
	Altostratus	Thin, grey layer
	Nimbostratus	Thick, low, dark with rain or snow
Low	Stratocumulus	White, layered rolls	Water droplets. (6,500 feet or 2,000 meters)
	Stratus	Grey, layered sheets
	Cumulus	Vertical towers
	Cumulonimbus	Cauliflower shaped towers and anvil tops. Thunder storm, ice crystals, snow, rain
	Pyrocumulus	Produced by fires, volcano and industries when they cause the air to heat up with a lot of moisture and no wind
This is a representation of the second day of creation. God is separating the waters that are part of Himself. The lower layers will remain to form the seas and the upper layers will remain with Him. They form the heavens that cover our universe. They are not the clouds we see. Our sky is only a little representation of what it looks like if God hovered over us. Just as a baby is surrounded by amniotic fluid in the womb, our universe was born out of the waters of God.
March 25, 2000. The USA "IMAGE" satellite is the first weather satellite for space storms. It studies the effects of solar wind on the earth's magnetic sphere.

When water condenses (forms liquid) it is called different things depending on where it forms.

• Air. Clouds
• Near the Ground. Fog or mist
• Ground. Dew.
  After creation, the earth was watered by ground level clouds. Air level clouds existed after the flood.

Clouds bring much of the weather we experience. There are different formations of clouds. A cloud is a collection of water droplets or ice crystals. They are formed when water evaporates from the surface of the earth. As this moist air rises it expands and cools because of the lower pressure of the upper atmosphere. Cooler air holds less water.

Clouds are named based on their appearance, contents and the altitude (height) at which they form. They have at least one of the following characteristics in their appearance.

• Cirrus. A tuft or filament.
• Cumulus. A heap or pile
• Stratus. Forms a layer
• Nimbus. Rain bearing clouds

Clouds are named by combining the descriptions of several of these features.

Pyrocumulonimbogeostratus Megacell. This is the name we created for the cloud that surrounds God. It is a huge fire producing system of clouds that covers the earth and rains fire.
God always describes Himself as being surrounded with fire, clouds, rainbow, a blue floor and elements from the weather. He is His own gigantic weather system. Lightning and thunder come from His throne. This weather system can rain fire and stone.
What would you name it?

Smog. A cloud formation that has occurred since the twentieth century because of the burning of fossil fuels in cars and electric plants. It is a mixture of exhaust gases, dust and moisture in the air that generally forms over big cities situated in valleys. In these locations, the air is not easily refreshed by winds. The air remains trapped in the valleys because it cannot get over the high mountains. So, since these clouds of pollution can travel thousands of miles, this same problem causes pollution to be trapped in the mountains, forests and national parks.

The air quality changes because of the amount of modern pollution in the atmosphere from automobiles and factories. This caused scientists to develop a system to measure the air quality. It was necessary because ozone damages the lungs and quickly affects the breathing of people with respiratory illnesses. On hot summer days when there is no rain, the air quality becomes the most dangerous. Five causes of pollution are measured.

Air Quality Index
Color Code	AQI	Category
Green	1 - 50	Good
Yellow	51 - 100	Moderate
Orange	101 - 150	Unhealthy for sensitive people
Red	151 - 200	Unhealthy for all
Purple	201 - 300	Very Unhealthy
Maroon	301 - 500	Hazardous
Sulfur Dioxide. Over 69.4% is produced by industrial combustion. 3.7% is caused by transportation. Oxides of Nitrogen. Transportation causes 43% of this pollution. Industry causes 32%
Environmentalist. Protects the environment through public awareness and legal action
Human Rights Monitor. Protects exploited people through public awareness and legal action
Eudiometer. Measures air purity

1. Ground level Ozone (O₃). Ozone in the upper atmosphere protects the planet from ultraviolet radiation, but it is hazardous near the surface. Remember "Ozone is good up high, bad near by". Ozone is created as the pollution interacts with the sun. Therefore, levels are higher in the summer.
2. Particulate Matter (soot and dust). These are tiny solid particles suspended in the air.
3. Carbon Monoxide (CO).
4. Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂). Creates acid rain with sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).
5. Oxides of Nitrogen (NO and NO₂). Nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. They attack the respiratory system and damage the ozone. They create acid rain with nitric and nitrous acid (HNO₃ and HNO₂).
   
   Acid Rain. A cloud of smog produces acid rain which kills lakes and forests. Any precipitation with pH less than 5.6 is acid rain. This rain kills young fishes and insects, pine needles and strips the wax coat from a leaf. Animals who eat insects die when their food supply is gone. Fish die when their young babies do not grow up. Acid reacts with minerals in the soil and strips away the nutrients that plants need. It also releases heavy metals that are normally trapped by the soil.

Climate Change: Pollution has contributed to several global effects on our planet.

Greenhouse Gas	% Gas
Water	65%
Carbon Dioxide	33%
Methane	2%
Nitrous Oxide
Ozone

• Hole in the Ozone Layer. In 1985, scientists discovered a hole in the ozone layer. In 2003, the South Pole ozone hole was over 11 million square miles (28.5 square Km). This is an area three times larger than the United States.
• Greenhouse Effect. The warming of the lower atmosphere because of carbon dioxide and water vapor. This causes the rays of the sun to heat the earth and prevents heat from escaping back into space. The greenhouse effect has caused global warming and unpredictable climate changes.
• Greenhouse Gases. Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared heat from the sun. Such as, water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), Ozone (O₃) and artificial chemicals like fluorocarbons. Carbon dioxide lasts for over 100 years in the atmosphere, while methane lasts for ten years. But methane can trap heat 21 times better than carbon dioxide. This causes it to create 18% of the greenhouse effect even though it is at a low concentration.

  The Body Earth
  Resource	Function
  Ocean Conveyor Belt. Jet stream	Circulatory Respiratory
  Tropical Forests	Respiratory
  Trees	Digestive
  Ozone Layer	Skin
  Crust, plates	Skeleton
  Oil	Hydraulics?

• Glaciers Melting and Polar Warming. In the past century, many glaciers have disappeared. In 2002 a shelf of ice broke off Antarctica. It is 100 miles long and 40 miles wide (160 Km by 64 Km). The glaciers of Mt. Kilimanjaro will melt by 2020. They have melted 80% since 1912. The Glacier National Park in Montana has only 30 smaller glaciers remaining from the 150 that existed in 1910. All will melt before the end of the century.
• Oceans Warming. The warming oceans change weather patterns. In a forty year period the amount of energy used to warm up the ocean was equivalent to the amount of energy that it would take to run California for 200,000 years. This energy did not come from the sun. The only explanation is that heat is being trapped by greenhouse gases.
• Coral Bleaching. As temperatures get above 85ºF (29.5ºC) bleaching occurs in the coral reefs and they lose algae and other organisms and die.
• Heat Wave.By the year 2003, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2001 and 1997 were the five hottest years on the planet since record keeping began in the 1880's.
• Oxygen Imbalance. 70% of our oxygen comes from the ocean. Oxygen is absorbed when the water is cold. So, as the ocean temperature increases it depletes the oxygen and leads to the death of marine life. In addition, the main source of oxygen is gone. Where does this oxygen go? It is probably trapped in the excess carbon dioxide which causes global warming.

Precipitation
Palmer Drought Index
Color Code	Rain fall	Category
Maroon	-4.0 or less	Extreme drought
Red	-3.0 -3.9	Severe drought
Orange	-2.0 -2.9	Moderate drought
White	-1.9 - 1.9	Near normal
Light Green	2.0 - 2.9	Moist
Green	3.0 - 3.9	Very Moist
Dark Green	4.0 +	Extremely Moist
Precipitation falls from clouds to the ground in several forms. Rain. Water or other liquid Snow. Small ice crystals Sleet. Icy Rain Hail. Chunks of ice When precipitation falls in a large volume or at a fast rate it creates a storm. A persistent lack of precipitation over time creates drought. The Palmer index measures water balance by considering supply, demand and loss. That is precipitation, transpiration and evaporation and run off.
Ten inches (25 cm) of snow can contain 0.10 to four inches of water (.25-10 cm). With strong winds, ten inches of snow contains about one inch of water.
Hyetometer, Udometer. Measures rainfall

Storms
Tropical Cyclones. A low pressure system originating in the tropics with thunderstorms and a circulation of winds near the Earth's surface around the low pressure. They are classified by the wind speed. The Atlantic storm season occurs between June 1 and November 30.
They form in the region that is 5º to 30º latitude for these reasons.

1. Moisture. They are close enough to the warm waters of the equator to gain moisture.
2. Rotation. Only at that location does the rotation of the earth cause the air mass to get a spin. The radius of the earth in that region changes sharply. Therefore, the wider end spins at a slower rate. The difference in spin at both ends of the cloud causes the air mass to rotate.

There are three categories of cyclones based on the wind speed.

1. Tropical Depressions. Have winds of less than 17 metres a second or 38 miles per hour (mph).
2. Tropical Storms. Have winds between 17 and 33 metres a second or 39-73 mph.
3. Hurricane. A tropical storm in the Atlantic with wind speed over 33 metres per second, 119 kph or 74 miles per hour. They form in waters in the ocean that are about 80º between latitude 5º and 30º and move